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World Regional Geography February 22, 2010

World Regional Geography February 22, 2010. Reading : Marston Chapter 5 Pages 210-238, 243-260 Goode’s World Atlas Pages 225-230 This Week: Map Quiz #2: Africa Next Week: Midterm Exam Introduction – North Africa & The Middle East. Sub-Saharan Africa. Political Boundaries

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World Regional Geography February 22, 2010

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  1. World Regional Geography February 22, 2010 Reading: Marston Chapter 5 Pages 210-238, 243-260 Goode’s World Atlas Pages 225-230 This Week: Map Quiz #2: Africa Next Week: Midterm Exam Introduction – North Africa & The Middle East

  2. Sub-Saharan Africa • Political Boundaries • Physical Geography • Physical Features & Major Landforms • Climate • Vegetation & Land Use • Environmental Issues • The Demographic Transition • Human Geography • Population Characteristics • Culture & Ethnicity • History • Colonialism & Genocide

  3. Political Boundaries

  4. Physical Features

  5. Major Landforms • Plateau Continent • Basins • Highlands • Ethiopian • Fouta Djallon • Cape Fold • Drakensburg • Rift Valley • Tectonic activity • Major rivers • Congo • Zambezi • Victoria Falls • Niger • Orange • Limpopo

  6. Rainfall

  7. Climate

  8. Vegetation

  9. Land Use & Agriculture • Less than 30% arable land • Shifting Cultivation • Slash and burn • Bush Fallow • Intercropping • Flood Plain Farming • Pastoralism • Transhumance

  10. Resources & Regions • West African Coast • Petroleum • Southern Africa • Diamonds • Gold

  11. Environmental Issues • Diseases • Desertification • Drought • Poaching • Elephants • Ivory • Rhinoceros

  12. Diseases, Insects & Pests • Affects People and Livestock • Vectors: tsetse fly, mosquitoes, snails, worms • Malaria, river blindness, sleeping sickness, yellow fever, and intestinal parasites

  13. Desertification • Over-grazing • Water-withdrawal • Drought • Food security

  14. The Sahel

  15. Demographic Transition Theory Demographic Transition: A Model of economic and cultural change to explain declining death rates, declining birth rates, and rising life expectancies in Western nations as they became industrialized. Proposed by Frank Notestein in the 1940s–1950s

  16. Demographic Transition Model

  17. Stage 1: Pre-industrial • High birth rates • No family planning • Children need for agricultural labor • Children provide family security • Lower rates of child survivorship • High death rates • Disease and famine • Lack of medical knowledge • Poor hygiene and sanitation • No population growth No countries are currently in this stage.

  18. Stage 2: Transitional • Birth rates remain high • Death rates fall • Decline in infant mortality • Improved medical knowledge • Improved sanitation • Food security • Increased connectivity • Agriculture remains dominant economic activity • Population growth begins and increases rapidly Examples: Afghanistan, Yemen, much of Central and West Africa

  19. Stage 3: Industrial • Birth rates fall • Empowerment of women • Lower infant mortality = less pressure to have children • Less need for agricultural labor • Improved education • Death rate reaches stability • Urbanization and industrialization • Population growth slows down Examples: Mexico, Indonesia, portions of North and Southern Africa

  20. Stage 4: Post-Industrial • Low birth and death rates • Populations are high but growth is slow/stable • Largely urban population • Industrial / service economies Examples: United States, Canada, Australia, Northern Europe

  21. A 5th Stage? (Decline) • Characterized by negative natural increase • Very low birth rates • Economic success • Education • Decline in religious adherence • Aging population • Long-term low birth rates • Population age-structure leads to slightly higher death rates Examples: Germany, Russia, much of Eastern Europe

  22. Demographic Transition Theory • Length of stages varies from country-to-country • Size of population change (growth) depends on the length of time spent in stages 2 and 3. • The lag between the initial fall in death rates and the subsequent fall in birth rates.

  23. Demographic Transition Model

  24. Stage 2: Mali

  25. Stage 3: Mexico

  26. Stage 4: Canada

  27. Stage 5: Germany

  28. Comparison

  29. Sub-Saharan Africa: Population • Population of roughly 836 million • 2.5% yearly growth (World: 1.2%) • Doubling time of 25 years • 1.15 billion by 2025 • High fertility rate: 5.3% (World: 2.6%) • Still primarily rural: 35% (World: 50%) • Urbanizing rapidly

  30. Population Density

  31. Population Characteristics • Differences between Southern Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa • Impact of HIV/AIDS • Stage of development / demographic transition

  32. Population Characteristics

  33. Sub-Saharan African Diaspora • Out of Africa • To Europe • Brain drain • Within Africa • Search for work • Circular migrations • Refugees • 4.5 million • 1/3 of world total

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