World Regional Geography February 24, 2010

1. World Regional Geography February 24, 2010 Reading: Marston Chapter 5 Pages 210-238, 243-260 Goode’s World Atlas Pages 225-230 This Week: Map Quiz #2: Africa Next Week: Midterm Exam Introduction – North Africa & The Middle East Rwanda, following the 1994 genocide

2. Population Density

3. Population Characteristics • Differences between Southern Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa • Impact of HIV/AIDS • Stage of development / demographic transition

4. Population Characteristics

5. Sub-Saharan African Diaspora • Out of Africa • To Europe • Brain drain • Within Africa • Search for work • Circular migrations • Refugees • 4.5 million • 1/3 of world total

6. Religion & Language • Religion • Animistic • Traditional beliefs • Christianity • European missionaries • Colonialism • Islam • North Africa / East Coast • Traders • Languages • 800 living languages • 40 spoken by 1 million+

7. Culture • Importance of family • Respect for elders. • Reverence for ancestors. • Large families valued. • Land Tenure • Communal as opposed to individual ownership. • Inheritance from the past, responsibility to the future. • Music, art, and storytelling • Artistic expression linked to reverence for elders and educating the young. • Worldwide influence.

8. Sub-Saharan Africa in the World- System • 2 million years ago: Origin of humans • 5,000 years ago: Trading societies • 500 years ago: European exploration and economic colonialism begins • 1882 – 1960s: European political colonialism • 1960 – 1990: Independence

9. Colonialism The system by which one country extends its political control to another territory to economically exploit the human and natural resources of the territory. • 1483: Portuguese establish first European colony in Northern Angola. • Coastal ports and scattered inland trading posts. • Inland development • Southern Africa • Europeans lacked immunity to native diseases.

10. Slavery • By 1700 nearly 50,000 slaves traded annually. • 9 million slaves sent to Americas between 1600 and 1870. • Approximately 1.5 million died en-route.

11. Scramble for Africa • Post-1950 increased interest in Africa. • Discovery and desire for resources. • Improvements in treating disease. • Berlin Conference • 13 European countries meet to divide up Africa. • No African representation. • No respect for existing cultural or ethnic boundaries.

12. Scramble for Africa

13. Colonial Legacy • Reoriented economies • Infrastructure geared for export, internal linkages weak. • Change in crops • Change in land tenure • Varying forms of colonial control • Languages and financial systems.

14. Independence • 1957 through 1990 • Transitions • Peaceful and violent • Involvement of colonial power varied by country • Colonial borders became national borders. • Conflict resulting from poorly drawn borders

15. Genocide • Article 2 of the 1948 United NationsConvention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide defines genocide as: • Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial or religious group • Killing members of the group. • Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. • Deliberately inflicting on the group living conditions designed to bring about its physical destruction. • Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group. • Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

16. Genocide in Rwanda • Belgian colony until 1961 • Tutsi minority favored over. Hutu majority. • Independence • Hutu majority seizes control. • Resentment and violence towards Tutsis, many flea. • 1990-1993 Civil War • Tutsis attempting to regain some power (RPF). • 1994 President killed • Hutus begin massacre of Tutsis and moderate Hutus. • 800,000 die in 100 days. • Post-genocide many Hutus flea fearing retribution.