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Wildlife Animal User Training

Wildlife Animal User Training. The University of Montana Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee. Objectives. Ensuring safety Of you & your co-workers Of animals Occupational health program Review of zoonotic diseases of wildlife. Protecting Yourself . Situation awareness

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Wildlife Animal User Training

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  1. Wildlife Animal User Training The University of Montana Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee

  2. Objectives • Ensuring safety • Of you & your co-workers • Of animals • Occupational health program • Review of zoonotic diseases of wildlife

  3. Protecting Yourself • Situation awareness • “Perception of environmental elements within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future” Endsley, M. R. (1995) • “Knowing what is going on so you can figure out what to do” Adam, E. C. (1993)

  4. Situation Awareness • Necessary components • Knowledge of environment, terrain & their special concerns • Anticipation of changing conditions • Rapid collection & processing of new information • Training in how to respond appropriately • Always staying alert & engaged

  5. Special Environments • Desert/arid conditions • Hyperthermia • Dehydration • Winter/mountainous conditions • Hypothermia • Frostbite • Avalanche • Snow blindness

  6. Lack of or Inadequate Situation Awareness One of the primary factors in accidents attributed to human error

  7. Safety Training • Single most important component of being prepared & staying safe • Training provided by principal investigator (PI) may include • Survival • Injury prevention • First aid • Team communication

  8. Common Field Injuries • Knee & ankle from slips & falls • Stings & bites • Known allergy?  carry MD-prescribed epinephrine pen (“epi pen”) • Muscle strain from lifting or falling

  9. Common Field Injuries • Driving accidents can result in serious injury or death • Highway • Off-road vehicles • ATVs, snow mobiles • Proper training required • ALWAYS wear a HELMET

  10. Basic Personal Safety • Use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) As necessary, • Gloves • Sturdy boots • Eye protection • Coveralls • Mask or respirator

  11. Basic Safety Principles • Sharps containers  small sizes available for field work • Good hygiene  especially hands  waterless hand sanitizer (2 & 4.5 oz bottles) • Protect human food and water • Communicate with your team

  12. In Case of Accident . . . • Seek medical attentionas necessary • Work related?  tell medical provider • Worker’s comp claim • Supervisor will have forms or find at http://www.umt.edu/research/eh/wc.htm • Accident reporting packet in glove box of UM vehicles • Non-UM rented vehicle? Find forms at http://www.umt.edu/research/eh/accidents.htm

  13. Injury from Animals • Bites/scratches • Clean & disinfect ASAP • Consider aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen for pain/inflammation • Antibiotics from MD may be needed • Kicks/blunt trauma • Large ruminants  blows to the head, chest or abdomen can cause internal injuries • First aid, then medical attention

  14. Early Reporting of Injury • Absolutely imperativeto inform • Direct Supervisor • Principal Investigator • Co-workers when in remote field areas • Any unusual symptoms  seek medical help immediately • Best defense is a good offense  Provide a complete history to assist physicians

  15. Keeping Animals Safe • Situation Awareness • Knowledge • Training • Co-workers Group training in blood collection before going to the field

  16. Danger to You? Danger to Them • Weather danger • Heat • Overheating, dehydration • Heat stress (including fish)  all magnified by capture • Trap/capture cool times of day & provide shade • Provide moist food to prevent dehydration • Cool packs for drugged animals • Reduce stress  minimize shrill noises, cover eyes, monitor for shock

  17. Weather Danger • Cold • Hypothermia, slowed metabolism & anesthetic recovery • Warm packs for anesthetized animals • Provide nest material for warmth • Provide food for energy • Monitor body temperature & vital signs

  18. Euthanasia • IACUC requires each Animal Use Protocol (AUP) to have a euthanasia contingency plan for serious injury • Serious injury – compound fractures, gaping wounds to chest/abdomen, severe unresponsive shock, head trauma – that precludes survival in the wild • 2007 AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia http://www.umt.edu/iacuc/vetguidelines/euthanasia.aspx

  19. Occupational Health • Why? • Mandatory for UM to maintain animal research program accreditation • Why us? • Everyone listed on an AUP must and any one else interested may participate

  20. Risk Assessment • IACUC sponsored occupational health monitoring program to protect you • Risk assessment performed by occupational health physician based on info you provide • All medical info stored confidentially at physician’s office • http://www.umt.edu/iacuc/ohs/riskassessment.aspx

  21. Review: Zoonotic Diseases • Zoonosis review is a requirement for accreditation of UM animal research program • Zoonosis = disease that can be transferred from animals to humans • Many of the diseases reviewed may be transferred from tissues & body fluids of dead or live animals

  22. Rabies • Rhabdovirus • Fatal if no treatment or vaccine protection • Infects all warm-blooded mammals • Sylvatic rabies  wildlife in life cycle • Ole Yeller • Photo credits - CDC “Mad” Rabies

  23. Rabies • “Dumb” rabies • Wildlife • Lose fear of humans • Unusually “friendly” • Uncharacteristic places • Uncharacteristic times of day • Neurological signs • Photo credits - CDC Rabid fox

  24. Rabies • Wildlife reservoirs in US in 2001 • Raccoons (38%) • Skunks (30%) • Bats (17%) • Foxes (6%) • Photo credits - CDC Silver-haired bat

  25. Rabies Incidence in U.S.

  26. Rabies Transmission • Animal bites (virus in saliva) • Contamination of broken skin • Aerosol in bat caves • Corneal, liver, kidney transplant from infected donor • 1-2 human cases/year in U.S. most often bat-associated

  27. Rabies Clinical Signs • 75% humans ill < 90 days after bite wound • Nausea, vomiting, headache • Tingling and pain on side of body where bite located • Furious and paralytic forms • Cause of death usually respiratory failure during paralytic phase CDC Negri bodies – large pink inclusions in cytoplasm of brain cells – diagnose Rabies

  28. Rabies Prevention • Avoid close contact with wild animals exhibiting unusual behavior • Consider pre-exposure immunization if work is high-risk • Report animal bites immediately: post-exposure treatment should start within 24 hours

  29. Hantavirus • Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) • 1993 - Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) • Sin Nombre virus • Wildlife reservoir - Peromyscus maniculatus CDC CDC

  30. Sin Nombre Incidence in U.S.

  31. Sin Nombre Transmission • Aerosol of deer mouse urine or feces • Contaminated hands  mucous membranes • Contaminated food • Bite transmission rare • 30-35% fatality rate

  32. Sin Nombre Clinical Signs • Incubation 9 to 33 days • High fever, malaise, muscle or joint aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, respiratory distress, cough CDC Early stage of disease CDC Middle stage of disease

  33. Sin Nombre Prevention • Personal protective equipment • Gloves, coveralls, boots • Work upwind of animals • Work in the sun, if possible • Wear a respirator • Fit-test through Environmental Health & Risk Management

  34. Plague • Yersinia pestis • Nonmotile, Gram – rod • “Black Death” • 3 forms (mortality): • Bubonic • Septicemic (5-50%) • Pneumonic (20%) CDC Gangrene of fingers – a complication of plague

  35. Prairie Dog Plague • > 200 species rodent reservoirs: prairie dogs, rats, marmots, hares, chipmunks, ground squirrels • Xenopsylla cheopis rat flea – regurgitates up to 20,000 plague bacteria from “blocked” gut CDC CDC

  36. Plague in Animals • Pin-point hemorrhage  petechiae • Swollen lymph nodes • Respiratory disease • Photo credits - CDC

  37. Plague Transmission • Bites of infected rodent fleas • Entry into breaks in skin when handling infected rodents or rabbits; wild carnivores that eat infected prey • Domestic cats highly susceptible – aerosol or handling • Dogs and cats can carry rat fleas

  38. Plague Clinical Signs • Illness 2-6 days after infection • Swollen lymph gland, fever, chills, headache, extreme exhaustion • Photo credits - CDC

  39. Plague Clinical Signs • Cough, bloody sputum, increased heart rate, shock, DIC • Gangrene of fingers and toes CDC 1 month after finger amputation for gangrene

  40. Plague Prevention • Prevent flea infestation • Handle wild rodents with appropriate PPE • Do not handle wild rodents with petechial hemorrhages • Four Corners area of the US high incidence

  41. Tularemia • Francisella tularensis • Aerobic, gram - coccobacillus • > 10 organisms • 1.4% fatality rate • Arthropods in life cycle CDC Rhipicephalus sanguineus “Brown dog tick”

  42. Tularemia Transmission • Bites by infected arthropods • Ticks • Handling infectious tissues • Contaminated food, water, soil • Inhalation of infective aerosols • No human to human transmission

  43. Tularemia Clinical Signs • Fever, headache, chills, body aches (low back), nasal discharge, sore throat • Substernal pain, cough, anorexia, weight loss, weakness CDC CDC

  44. Tularemia Prevention • Personal protective equipment when skinning hares or rodents • Check for ticks daily & remove • Use repellants if possible CDC Wild hare – common culprit for disease transmission to hunters from bare-handed field skinning

  45. West Nile Virus • Flavivirus • 1999 - in US • Horses & humans  encephalitis • Bird reservoirs: corvids • Spread by mosquitoes CDC CDC Ochlerotatus japonicus

  46. WNV Clinical Signs • Incubation 3-14 days • 80% infected humans show no symptoms • 20% mild symptoms: fever, headache, body aches, nausea, rash • 1 in 150 infected  severe disease (e.g., stupor, coma, convulsions, paralysis)

  47. West Nile Virus in the U.S.

  48. West Nile Virus Prevention • Long-sleeved shirts and long pants, when possible • Bug Tamer™ apparel (Shannon Outdoors, Inc) • Mosquito repellant – DEET for skin • Avoid dusk to dawn hours outside • Avoid areas of standing water • http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-155/

  49. Q Fever • Coxiella burnetti • Sheep, goats, cattle • 1 organism can cause disease • Placental tissues • Spread by • Aerosol • Hands CDC CDC

  50. Q Fever Clinical Signs • 50% infected get ill in 2-3 weeks • 30-50% infected get pneumonia • Headache, malaise, muscle aches, confusion, GI signs, weight loss, hepatitis • 1-2% fatality rate • Chronic infection  endocarditis • 65% chronic cases end in death

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