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Understanding Amide Synthesis and Neurotransmitters in Health

Explore the synthesis of amides, the role of neurotransmitters in health, and the molecular vs. ionic structure of acids and bases. Learn about adrenergic neurotransmitters and drugs, hydrogen bonding in amides, and hydrolysis reactions.

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Understanding Amide Synthesis and Neurotransmitters in Health

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  1. Amides

  2. Amide Synthesis

  3. 13. Amide Synthesis • Amine plus carboxylic acid --> amide + HOH

  4. Amides

  5. Amides

  6. Names of amides

  7. Amides in health

  8. Amides in health

  9. Hydrogen Bonding in Amides

  10. Hydrolysis of Amides • Amide plus HOH --> amine + carboxylic acid

  11. Acid Hydrolysis of Amides • Amide plus HOH --> amine + carboxylic acid • 2nd step: neutralize amine with acid

  12. Action of Neutrotransmitters • 1. NT released; 2. NT interacts w/receptor; • 3 or 4. NT released; 5 NT restored or synthesized

  13. Adrenergic Neurotransmitters

  14. Adrenergic Stimulants: • Bronchodilators and Nasal Decongestants:

  15. Adrenergic Blocking Agents or Antagonists • Antihypertensive drugs

  16. Molecular vs. Ionic acid/base structure • Acids: • Equilibrium: HA <=> H+ + A- • Form: molecular ionic • If excess H+, shift left to molecular HA • If excess OH -, shift right because H+ is neutralized as HOH - this forms the ionic A-

  17. Molecular vs. Ionic acid/base structure • Bases: • Equilibrium: B + HOH <=> BH+ + OH- • Form: molecular ionic • If excess H+, shift right to ionic BH+ because OH- is neutralized as HOH - this forms the ionic BH+ • If excess OH -, shift left to form the molecular B

  18. Molecular vs. Ionic acid/base structure • -> -> Increasing pH -> -> • pH << pK << pH • Acids: HA molecular A- ionic • Bases: BH+ ionic B molecular • Example: acetic acid - pKa = 4.7 • at pH 2 = molecular • at pH 10 = ionic • Ques. 19: phenobarbitol (acid) - pKa = 7.2 • At pH 7.4 about half ionic, half molecular - more soluble in lipid layer • At pH 8.0 more in the ionic form and more insoluble in lipid layer

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