Early latin america Ch. 19

1. Early latinamericaCh. 19 AP World History Ms. Tully

2. The Iberian Conquest • Reconquista Christian reconquest of Iberian peninsula  Conquest of Americas • Urban, patriarchal society • Extension of slavery • Professional bureaucracy • Close link between church/state • Plantations agriculture • New nobility • Focus on Mexico & Peru • Destruction of indigenous societies • Three Periods of Conquest

3. The Caribbean Crucible • Caribbean = Model/testing ground of conquest • Encomienda = grant of indigenous people to individual Spaniards (serfdom) • Introduction of Spanish towns & institutions • Increased immigration by 16th C  era of settlement • Depopulation of natives led to importation of African slaves • Growth of plantation agriculture • Especially in Brazil

4. Spanish Conquistadors • Hernan Cortes & the Aztecs – 1519 • Francisco Pizarro & the Incas – 1532 • Francisco Vazquez de Coronado & the American SW – 1540-42 • Pedro de Valdivia & the Araucanians – 1541

5. The Age of Conquest • Expeditions often based on contracts • Conquest seen as an opportunity for social advancement • Encomienda system encouraged new nobility • Reasons for Spanish success • Technology/horses • Disease • Vulnerability of civs • Worst abuses of native population decreased by 1570

6. The Effects of Conquest – Indigenous Societies • Severe population decline – slaving, mistreatment, disease • Demographic collapse also affected traditional social & economic structures • Encomiendas destructive – phased out by mid-16th C • Mitasystem introduced • Growth of wage labor • Resiliency of native culture – selective adaptation of European culture

7. Colonial Economies • Mining the base of colonial economy – Potosi, Zacatecas • Mining stimulated other aspects of the economy • Agrarian economy supported by growth of haciendas • Spanish American colonies mostly self-sufficient  only needed luxury goods from Europe • Spain & consulados had tight control over trade • Spanish used fleet of galleons to protect goods • Spain’s wealth used to pay for European wars, long-term debts, and manufactured goods • Silver influx caused inflation, price revolution in 16th C

8. Colonial Government • Treaty of Tordesillas – divided territory between PR & SP • Extensive bureaucratic system in Spanish America • Letrados– university-trained lawyers from Spain • Council of the Indies • Viceroyalties – Mexico & Peru • Viceroys – high-ranking nobles who were direct representatives of the king • Royal magistrates worked at local level  frequent corruption • Church instituted parishes & bishoprics • Schools run by church/clergy • Extension of Inquisition

10. Brazil – The Plantation Colony • Pedro Alvarez Cabral claimed Brazil for PR • Capitaincies – strips of land awarded to minor PR nobles • Growth of plantation agriculture • Leading sugar producer – required lots of capital & labor • Social hierarchy reflected plantation culture • Intellectual subordination & economic dependency

11. Brazil’s Age of Gold • Competition from BR, DU, FR in Caribbean disrupted sugar economy • Paulistas discover gold in Minas Gerais, 1695 • Gold Rush – 5000 immigrants/year • Opened interior to settlement • New towns, new markets • Promoted detrimental economic policies

12. Society of Castas • New world society a mixture of Indians, Europeans, and Africans • Mixed marriages/coupling led to large mestizo & mulatto population • Sociedad de castas social hierarchy based on racial origins • Castas people of mixed origin • Peninsulares people born on Iberian peninsula • Creoles  whites born in New World • Racial hierarchy combined with traditional Iberian distinctions based on gender, age, and class

14. Spain in the 18thC • 18th C defined by increase in intellectual activity, new realities • Amigos del Pais small clubs that discussed potential reform • Spain weak by 18thC  wars, debt, depopulation, revolts • New competition from BR, FR; seized Caribbean islands • Failure of Spanish mercantile & political system • War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713)

16. Bourbon Reforms • Charles III “enlightened despotism”  series of reforms to strengthen Spanish empire • Reforms promoted economic & commercial development of colonies • Jose de Galvez  investigations reveal abuse/corruption • French bureaucratic model introduced intendants • Creoles removed from positions of power • Seven Years War  loss of some Spanish possessions • Military/defensive reforms • Economic reforms damaged local economies • Short term  restructuring revived Spanish Empire • Long term  promoted dissatisfaction among elite

17. Pombal and Brazil • Marquis of Pombal arranged PR reforms for Brazil • Revitalize the colonies to strengthen mother country • Fiscal reforms  eliminate contraband, gold smuggling, tax evasion • Monopolies formed to stimulate agriculture  new markets in new regions • Eliminated slavery in PR to focus supply on Brazil • Encouraged intermarriage between natives & whites • Reforms not fully effective  demand for Brazilian products low, but later economic boom

18. Reforms, Reactions, & Revolts • Colonies experienced rapid population growth • Old patterns of power & influence disrupted • Colonial revolts from whites, mixed races, and natives in Spanish colonies • Gov’t activism  colonial dissatisfaction • Economic prosperity encouraged self-confidence • Set the stage for independence movements of 19th C