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Early Latin America

Early Latin America. 1492 – 1788. “ 1491”. Spanish & Portuguese Cruelty. People. Ferdinand of Aragon Isabella of Castile Bartolome` de las Casas Hernan Cortez Mocteczuma II Francisco Pizarro Francisco Vazquez de Coronado Pedro de Valdivia. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

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Early Latin America

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  1. Early Latin America 1492 – 1788

  2. “1491”

  3. Spanish & Portuguese Cruelty

  4. People • Ferdinand of Aragon • Isabella of Castile • Bartolome` de las Casas • Hernan Cortez • Mocteczuma II • Francisco Pizarro • Francisco Vazquez de Coronado • Pedro de Valdivia • Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz • Pedro Alvarez Cabral • Charles III • Jose de Galvez • Marquis of Pombal • TupacAmaru

  5. Groups & Concepts • Corregidores • Casa de la Contratacion • Consulado • Council of the Indies • Letrados • Viceroyalties • Paulistas • Hidalgos • Grandees • Encomienda • Mita • Potosi • Huancavelica • Galleons • Recopilacion • Audiencia • Haciendas

  6. Places & Concepts • Hispanola • Mexico City • New Spain • Captaincies • War of Spanish Succession • Columbian Exchange • Treaty of Tordesillas

  7. Viceroy Pennisulares Creoles Mestizos Mulatos Indians Slaves

  8. Reconquesta • 1492 • Muslims ruled from 700s • Retake Iberia from the Muslims • Inquisition • Expel Jews • Atlantic reconnaissance

  9. Iberian Traditions • Patriarchal society • Nobles [landholders] • Professional bureaucracy • Based on legal system • No separation of church & state • Slavery

  10. Chronologyof Conquest [3 Time Periods] • 1st Period: • 1492 – 1570 • Est. administration & economy • 2nd Period: • 1570 – 1700 • Colonial institutions & society • 1 M people under European control • 3rd Period: • 18th Century • Reform & reorganization • Set stage for dissatisfaction & revolution

  11. CaribbeanExperience • MODEL FOR COLONIZATION • Columbus • Formed encomiendas • Enslave “Indians” • Diseases destroy indigenous populations • Bartolome de las Casas tried to end abuse • Urban centers on European grid model • Build universities & cathedrals • Magistrates control government • Church joins process • Women & African slaves

  12. Paths of Conquest • IMPLEMENTED BY INDIVIDUAL INITIATIVES • Cortez in Mexico [1519] Aztec [Mexica] • Amerindian allies & devastating disease • Capture Tenochititlan & Moctezuma II • New Spain • Pizarro [1535] S. America [Inca] • Atahualpa • Weakened by civil war • Built capital at Lima

  13. Paths of Conquest • Francisco Vazquez de Coronado • 1540 • U.S. Southwest • Pedro de Valdivia • 1541 • Central Chile [Santiago] • By 1570 • 192 Spanish urban settlements in New Spain

  14. The Conquerors • Regulated by agreement b/w exploration leaders & sovereign • Authority for promises of sharing spoils • Men of conquest [are] not soldiers • New nobility over Amerindian peasantry • Epidemic diseases end any resistance • Conquest ends by 1570

  15. Conquest & Morality • Conquest, exploitation, & conversion justifiable? • Justification • Natives were not human; • thus subordinate • Defense • De las Casa defended natives • they are human • Outcome • De las Casas wins but much too late

  16. Destruction & Transformation • Indigenous people suffered from conquest • Demographic catastrophe • Central Mexico • 25 M declined to less than 2 M • Spanish response • Concentrate survivors into towns and confiscate their land • Completely transformed their society

  17. Exploitation • Spanish keep native institutions • Hold their nobles responsible • Labor debt & tax collecting • Enslavement [except in warfare] was forbidden by 16th C. • Encomiendas created by king • Land grants to conquerors • Used natives for labor & taxes

  18. Encomienda • Land grants by crown • Modified because • Feared rise of new nobility • Disappeared by 1620s • State contracted native labor • Used in mines & state projects • Indians adapted Spanish culture to conform to their own

  19. The Great Exchange • Columbian Exchange • Massive biological exchange • Changed both the new and old world • Exchanged crops & domestic animals & Diseases • Caused • Population increases in Old World • Counterintuitive = need for more colonization

  20. Colonial Economic Systems • New Spain • 80% agriculture & ranching • Mining also an essential activity • Commercial enterprise • Exchange of manufactured goods for raw materials • Caused Latin America to become dependent

  21. Silver Heart of Empire • Silver – major commodity • Mines in Mexico & Peru • Forced Native American labor • First as slaves then as paid labor • Govt. monopoly with individual investment • Owed the crown one fifth of production. • Potosi [Bolivia] largest mine.

  22. Haciendas • New Spain • Agricultural & mining economy • Spanish rural estates emerged with decline of native populations • Haciendas become source of aristocratic wealth.

  23. Industry & Commerce • Herding economy [sheep] • Led to women working in sweatshops [textiles] • Silver ruled commercial system • Caused major inflation in Europe. • Spain controlled trade and commerce • Manila Galleons • Galleons transport b/w China & New World • Employed convoy system to protect silver fleets from pirates

  24. Political Systems • Church & State • Papal land grants / conversion • Treaty of Tordesillas [1494] • Viceroys: represented king / legislative / judicial / military power • Council of the Indies • Clergy: both secular & religious function • Inquisition controlled morality & orthodoxy.

  25. Plantation Economy • Portuguese in Brazil • 1500 • After French show interest Portuguese nobles move on the area • Granted captaincies • Jesuits arrive • Indian resistance broken b/c • Disease – military force – missionary action

  26. Sugar & Slavery • Brazil – world leader in sugar • Very expensive • Very labor intensive / single crop • Hierarchy • Nobles & priests • Merchants & Govt. officials [bureaucrats] • Bureaucracy > lawyers

  27. Labor Force • MISSIONARIES: • Ran ranches, mills and schools • Mixed bloods, poor whites, Indians & Africans who were > artisans, small farmers, herders or free workers • Slaves at the bottom [1/2 pop.] • 1st Native American • African

  28. Brazil & Gold • Brazil lost its place as leader. . .sugar • Gold discovered [by Paulistas] • Minas Gerais [in Brazil] • Mines controlled by Portugal • Does not contribute to Portuguese economic development • Allowed them to import manufactured goods instead of making their own. • Very costly mistake. Big Stupid??

  29. Hapsburg Rule • 1580 & 1640 – Portugal & Spanish share [Hapsburg] ruler • Netherlands in revolt • [War of Spanish Succession] • British, French, Dutch create sugar plantations in Caribbean • Spain looses sugar monopoly

  30. Multiracial Societies • SOCIEDAD DE LAS CASTAS • European men & Native American women • Mestizo population • Similar process with African slaves • Social Hierarchy: • PENINSULARES- European born settlers • CREOLES - New World born [Europeans] • Would later lead independence movements • MESTIZOS: Mixed races: European – Native Am. – Africans [any combination]

  31. Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Slaves

  32. 18th C. Reforms • Spain & Portugal • 18th C. Intellectual movement • New demographic & economic trends • European population increases • Pressure valve = colonies • Long term important consequences detrimental • Amigos del pais - reformers

  33. Shifting Balance of Power & Trade • Spain weakened • Poor rulers, foreign wars, internal civil & economic problems • France – Britain – Holland rise • Spain mercantile & political system I • War of Spanish Succession • Treaty of Utrecht [1713] • Bourbon rule in Spain

  34. Pombal & Brazil • Marquis of Pombal • Portuguese reformer • 1755 1776 • Suppressed opposition • Jesuits expelled 1759 • Agricultural monopolies [stimulation] • Mixed marriages encouraged • Little change effected

  35. Reforms to Revolts • Iberian colonies shared global growth • Economic boom >end of 18th C. • Reforms disrupt power patterns • Revolts: • Comunero Revolt [N. Granada] • Tupac Amaru revolt in Peru [Indians] • Illustrates local dissatisfaction with Imperial policies.

  36. Latin America: Global Context • Portugal & Spain • Very large colonies • Global interaction • Recreated Iberia w/ local influences • Surviving Indian populations= multicultural & multiethnic society • Slavery [African]> role in society • Latin American transition is distinct from the west but related to it.

  37. Enduring Questions • Trace patterns of economic & political development in New Spain. • Examine how those patterns impact Latin America throughout the time periods.

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