The Progressives to WWI..

1. The Progressives to WWI.. Chapters 17, 18 & 19

3. The Progressive Agenda. • Progressives had four major goals - Protecting Social Welfare - Promoting Moral Improvement - Creating Economic Reform - Fostering Efficiency

4. Some believed that morality rather than the workplace held the key to improving the lives of the poor - Felt poor should uplift selves by improving own behavior Prohibition - banning of alcoholic drinks - Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheaded prohibition crusade Protecting Social Welfare

5. Protecting Social Welfare • Wanted to help people deal with the harsh conditions of industrialization - Social Gospel & settlement houses inspired other reform groups • Florence Kelley – became a political activist advocate for women & children - Helped pass law prohibiting child labor & limiting women’s hours

6. Journalists who exposed corruption in politics & business became known as Muckrakers - Ida Tarbell attacked John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil for using cut throat businesses practices to eliminate competition Creating Economic Reform

7. The Muckrakers • Food, drug advertisements made false claims& medicines were often unsafe • Muckrakers - Writers who exposed corruption in American society • Exposed unhappy practices in the food industry • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle - unsanitary conditions in meatpacking • Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up Sinclair’s account • Forced government to pass the laws

8. THE JUNGLE…

9. The Muckrakers • Pure Food and Drug Act halted sale of • contaminated food & medicine - required truth in labeling FDA • Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act - dictated sanitary requirements - Created federal meat inspection program (USDA) • These laws gave government inspectors the power to enforce safety and health standards in the making and selling of food and medicine

10. American Socialist Party in prison Debs adopted socialism, and for the rest of his life he championed socialist political solutions to American economic problems. In 1920, while in jail for opposing World War I, he ran for president and received more than 900,000 votes. Photographed in 1909. • EugeneV.Debs (1855-1926), of Indiana, had worked as a young man on the railroads. After being elected to the Indiana legislature in 1893, he edited a labor magazine and organized the American Railway Union. His activities in the Pullman Strike led to his arrest and imprisonment;

11. Fostering Efficiency Assembly lines were used to speed up production - Made people work like machines - Caused higher worker turnover Henry Ford reduced workday to 8 hours & paid employees $5 a day to prevent turnover

12. Child workers received lower wages - Small hands handled small parts better - Families need children’s wages National Child Labor Committee gathered evidence of harsh conditions - Accidents & diseases caused by overwork Protecting Working Children

13. Labor unions argue children’s wages lower all wages Groups pressed government to ban child labor & cut hours Convinced most states to pass legislation banning child labor and setting maximum hours Protecting Working Children

14. Reforming Elections • Oregon adopted secret ballot, initiative, referendum, recall • Initiative—bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots • Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law • Recall—voters remove elected official through early election • Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidates • Direct Election of Senators • Became law in 1913 (17th amendment

15. Women reformers targeted workplace, housing, education, food, & drugs National Association of Colored Women (NACW) - Goal was the moral education of the race was with which they were identified -Managed nurseries reading rooms, & kindergartens Susan B. Anthony of National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA) - worked for woman suffrage, or right to vote Women's Suffrage

16. Imperialism and America Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition causes the United States to expand

17. 1906 - Fleet of 16 U.S. battleships sail around the world Showed the world that the U.S. was a power to be reckoned with Important step in expanding America's international interest United Sates expands overseas

18. Seward and Expansion • 1867 - Arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million - Had trouble convincing House to fund purchase - Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,” “Seward’s Folly” - Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil • Arranged for the U.S. to buy the Virgin Islands from Denmark (Didn't actually occur until 1917) - Also wanted to add the Hawaiian Islands

19. William Seward – Served as Secretary of State under Lincoln & Johnson - Tried to gain new lands for U.S. 1867 - ordered navy to occupy the Midway Islands in the Pacific Ocean - Valuable as a Fueling station to refuel ships Seward and Expansion

20. 1790s - U.S. merchants began stopping in Hawaii on way to China, India Early 1800's - Christian missionaries moved to Hawaii to convert the people - Yankee missionaries founded schools & churches on islands - Many of the missionaries’ descendants became wealthy sugar and pineapple planters - They controlled the government The Annexation of Hawaii

21. The Annexation of Hawaii 1891 - Queen Liliuokalani came to power - She wanted to regain control of the island - Tried to remove landowning requirement Planters called the u.s. government for help Hawaii was valuable refueling station U.S. sent marines - Marines and planters overthrew Queen

22. Section 2The Spanish-American War In 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain.

23. New ideas - Charles Darwin - survival of the fittest - Social Darwinism - Americans believed that their society was superior and would spread throughout the world People argued the U.S. had duty to Christianize or civilize “inferior peoples” - Also used to support racism Reasons for American Expansion

24. Reasons for American Expansion U.S developed a desire for Desire for military strength - Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to compete - U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power

25. Reasons for American Expansion • Imperialism - policy of extending control over weaker nations - European countries practiced this in the 1700's and 1800's • 1800s - Europeans divided up most of Africa & competed for China • Japan joined race for China & U.S. decided to expand overseas • U.S. didn't want to do this in the beginning - Once colonies ourselves - Couldn't afford a war • Our attitude changed in the late 1800's for several reasons - Nationalism - U.S. united again following Civil War - People wanted to be a world power - Needed colonies to be one

26. Spain's empire was crumbling - Had once controlled most of the Americas - Late 1800's - Spain had only a few colonies Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippines began wanting independence Rebellion against Spain

27. Two papers fighting for customers (circulation war) - The Worldowned by Joseph Pulitzer - Journalowned by William Randolph Hearst They wrote sensationalized writing stories to attract customers - Called yellow journalism Rebellion against Spain

28. America goes to War • President McKinley didn't want to go to war - He had fought in the Civil War • Public pressure forced McKinley to take action against Spain - He demanded that Spain stop its harsh treatment of Cubans - Spain sent general Weyler home but didn't stop treatment • February 9, 1898 - U.S. recovered a private letter written by a Spanish minister named Enrique Dupuy de Lôme - He called President McKinley weak - Spain apologized & de Lôme resigned - American public remained angry

29. America goes to War U.S.S.Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property - The Maine exploded in Havana Harbor - U.S. blames Spain - "Remember the Maine” became war cry

30. “Remember the Maine”

31. U.S. only had 28,000 men when war started - 200,000 signed up within 6 months Teddy Roosevelt picked a group of soldiers known as the "Rough Riders" - Chose a diverse group - Cowboys, N.Y. City policemen, athletes, and American Indians The War in the Caribbean

32. Rough Riders attacked and took San Juan Hill - Didn't have horses (they were left behind in Florida) - Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill - Aug. 12 1898 - Spain signs truce The War in the Caribbean

33. War in the Philippines..

34. Treaty of Paris • August 12, 1898 – Spain & U.S. signed armistice • Met in Paris to make treaty • U.S. shocked Spain at the treaty signing in France - Demanded the Spain hand over Puerto Rico, the island of Guam, and the Philippines (war had been fought over Cuba) - Spain didn't have any choice • Spain freed Cuba; handed Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S. & sold Philippines • Treaty of Paris touched off a great debate over imperialism - McKinley tried to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds - Opponents gave political, moral, economic arguments against

35. Guam was controlled by the U.S. navy President McKinley decided that the Philippines should become an American Colony - Philippines wanted independence - Revolted against the U.S. - 1902 - U.S. troops finally restored order July 4, 1946, Philippines became independent Results of the War

36. Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory Had its own elected legislature and a governor chosen by the president 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses Results of the War

37. U.S. didn't grant Cuba independence immediately - Cuba had to agree to the Platt Amendment - It gave the U.S. the right interfere in Cuban affairs when there was a threat to life, property, and individual liberty - Cuba had to allow an American naval base at Guantanamo Bay until 1999 Results of the War

38. Theodore Roosevelt….  As president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms

39. TR the Progressive President…

40. Roosevelt’s Career.. Fought against Spain in Cuba (Rough Riders) Became governor of New York - Tried to clean up government - Pushed through a civil service law - Hired qualified people NY political bosses couldn’t control him,& urged him to run for vice-president 1900 – William McKinley won reelection - Roosevelt became Vice President

41. McKinley shot in Buffalo Teddy Roosevelt became youngest person to hold office (age 42) His leadership & publicity campaigns helped create modern presidency Supports federal government role when states do not solve problems concerning national welfare Roosevelt Becomes President

42. Public loved Roosevelt (1st to use bully pulpit) - Called him Teddy - He refused to shoot a bear cub while on a hunting trip - Resulted in new toy (the teddy bear) Roosevelt Becomes President

43. The Square Deal • Square Deal - Roosevelt’s progressive reforms • Roosevelt felt the government should act as an umpire - Make sure everyone got a "square deal"

44. Square Deal…

45. Trust busting 1902 Coal Strike - Coal reserves were low - Roosevelt forced both sides to accept arbitration (3rd party decides dispute) - Each side received some of what it wanted - Sets principle of federal intervention when strike threatens public - Other presidents had sent troops to end strikes Using Federal Power

46. Using Federal Power • Railroad Regulation - 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act established the Interstate Commerce Commission to prevent railroads from colluding to fix high prices (ICC too weak to enforce law) - Roosevelt pushed for federal regulation to control abuses - Elkins Act -stopped rebates & sudden rate changes - Hepburn Act - limited free railroad passes & enabled ICC to set maximum railroad rates

47. hurt public interest Roosevelt began to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act - 1st target was the railroads Biggest target was Standard Oil - 1911 - Supreme Court ordered that it be broken up into smaller companies Trust Busting

48. Roosevelt didn’t not want Europeans to control world economy & politics 1904 - Japan & Russia disputed control of Korea (Japanese-Russo War) Roosevelt negotiated Treaty of Portsmouth: - Japan received Manchuria & Korea - Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize U.S. & Japan continued diplomatic talks - Pledged to respect each other’s possessions Teddy Roosevelt and the World

49. Attack on laissez Faire • Laissez faire - hands off approach towards business • Business leaders were shocked by Roosevelt's actions - They felt that government should not interfere with the economy - That the economy performed best when people were left free to create businesses and hire workers • Progressives felt that laissez faire created high prices and low wages

50. U.S. wanted canal to cut travel time of commercial & military ships Colombia controlled the isthmus of Panama (Best Spot) U.S. bought French company’s route through Panama Negotiated with Colombia to build Panama Canal - Talks broke down The Panama Canal