Grammar Usage with phrases

1. EQ: How will a knowledge of phrases help me edit my papers? Grammar Usage with phrases

2. What is a Phrase? • Group of words (either a noun or verb, but NOT a subject and verb) • (A subject & verb would be a clause.)

3. Prepositions: Connecting Words EQ: How do I write correctly with prepositions and prepositional phrases?

4. Prepositions are like bridges. • They connect a noun/pronoun to the sentence. • Clue to identification: My elementary school teacher used to say they are anything a squirrel can do to a house.

5. For example: • Under a house • Over a house • Into a house • Beside a house • Beneath a house • Behind a house • Within a house • See P. 435 for complete list.

6. A preposition always has an object (noun/pronoun). • The object is called the object of the preposition. • The object is connected to the sentence by the preposition. • The object is always after the preposition.

7. If it’s missing an object, . . . • Then it’s a “bridge to nowhere”! Like these . . . • Where do you live at? • What car are you riding in? • What are you talking about? • What are you thinking of? • Where did you get it from?

8. Find the 4 prepositional phrases. • The squirrel ran up the tree, jumped onto another tree, and stole the nut in the branches from another squirrel.

9. Object of the preposition: • Noun (can never be the subject) • The girls in the club is/arepreparing for the tournament. • The problem with our plans is/are the details. • Pronoun (use OBJECTIVE case) • The present you got from me cost more time than money. • The space between you and I/me is small.

10. Punctuation of Prep. Phrases: • If more than 3 words & it’s at the beginning of a sentence, use a comma. • Because of my mistake, I could not go on the trip. • I could not go on the trip because of my mistake. • Find me examples of this on P. 436.

11. Fix these sentences, which contain prepositional phrases. • Just between you and me we need a plan. • During the Civil War many families were torn apart. • After lunch, stop by my room. • One of the players were on the field. • Everyone of the girls have their prom dresses. • The file is on top of the desk, near the window. • BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN YOUR RATIONALE.

12. Stop whining! Man up! Think analytically. Now let’s diagram. Yay!

13. What’s under the hood? • Noun/Pronoun • Antecedent • Subject: simple/complete • Verb • Predicate: simple/complete • Action • Transitive/Intransitive (DO) • IO S + VT + IO + DO • Linking (PA/PN) • Adjectives • Adverbs: how, when, where (main ones) • Modifiers (degrees) • Phrase • Clause • Preposition • Object of the preposition • Simple sentence

14. EQ: How can a knowledge of phrases contribute to revising and editing my writing? Phrases (contin.)

15. Let’s review diagramming. Yay!!

16. Review of Diagramming: • The religious figure was her mentor for the last year. • She went with him to the dance reluctantly. • The textbook is next to my book bag on the table. • I gave her the letter from home yesterday.

17. Review of Usage: Comma? • After the school event we went to the movies. • We went to the movies after the school event. • In 1865 the Civil War ended. • The Civil War ended in 1865.

18. Appositives are nouns or pronouns renaming the noun or pronoun it follows. Appositive phrases are nouns/pronouns and their modifiers. Appositive Phrases: P. 487

19. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND • Once upon a time in a land far, far away, • Everyone spoke in relative clauses ‘til they found a better way: • The appositive phrase! 1. Jan is my best friend. 2. Jan promised to come with me. 3. Jan, WHO IS MY BEST FRIEND, promised to come with me. 4. Jan, MY BEST FRIEND, promised to come with me. Mrs. Monteith, WHO IS THE PRINCIPAL, stood outside. Mrs. Monteith, THE PRINCIPAL, stood outside.

20. Examples: • My mother, Sara Smith, works in the front office. • Our new principal, Mrs. Monteith, was an English teacher once. • Our assistant principal Mr. Odom is from the Greenville area. • DISCOVERY: Why do you think no commas surround the last one?

21. RULE with Appositive Phrases: • If the second noun phrase that renames the first noun is NECESSARY to understanding whom you mean, then use no comma set. • If the second noun phrase is EXTRA INFO that is not necessary, use a comma set. • Comma sets here mean we can take or leave the info.

22. Commas or No? • My dog Rover needs a vet appointment. • According to your list of animals, your dog Rover must have his shots. • I have known my best friend Jordan since first grade. • Today I met a new friend Casey. • Highway 38 a newly paved road runs through the countryside. • The Empire State Building a skyscraper in New York is not the tallest building in the world now.

23. Now diagram these!! Double Yay!!!!!

24. READ 15. Jr. G. B. status awards

25. Voc. Charades

26. Review appositives & prepositional phrases on P. 495-496: Do first 5 in each.

27. Other Types of Phrases with Verbs VERBALS & VERBAL PHRASES: Gerunds, participles, infinitives P. 489

28. What is a verbal or verbal phrase? • A verbal is a verb working as another part of speech (a noun or an adjective). • A verbal phrase is a verbal with other words assisting it, like a prepositional phrase or an object. • I like eating ice cream. (gerund) • He prefers to ski. (infinitive) • Worried, she called 911 finally. (participle)

29. Participles: Verbs that work as adjectives (P. 489) • Arriving late, I was nervous. • The huge goldfish fed on the bread floating near the boat. • Disappointed, my mother looked at me. • Relieved at my passing grade, I threw my book bag into the air. (2) • The excited girl had just discovered a diamond ring around her dog’s neck for her Christmas present. • The coach, worried about the game, scheduled an extra practice. • The teenager in front of me, fidgeting anxiously, seemed upset.

30. Extra Practice: P. 497 – Ex. 2 Practice: P. 490 – Ex. 8 & 9

31. Dangling or misplaced participles (P. 392-3, 637-639) Usage Problems with participles

32. Whoo-hoo! Let’s start with the last 2 on the phrase worksheet. Now let’s diagram them!!!

33. Participles: Verbs that work as adjectives (P. 489) • Arriving late, I was nervous. • The huge goldfish fed on the bread floating near the boat. • Disappointed, my mother looked at me. • Relieved at my passing grade, I threw my book bag into the air. (2) • The excited girl had just discovered a diamond ring around her dog’s neck for her Christmas present. • The coach, worried about the game, scheduled an extra practice. • The teenager in front of me, fidgeting anxiously, seemed upset.

34. Correct # 2, 11, 14, & 20 on P. 639. Today’s work will be turned in. Misplaced or dangling participials

35. P. 647 – Do the odd ones on Ex. 6 & Ex. 7. More misplaced or dangling participials

36. Correct these: • I saw two squirrels riding my bike in the park. • We caught a butterfly using a net. • Making a nest for their young, Alex and Maria saw two birds in a big tree near the parking lot.

37. Now diagram your corrected versions. Turn this work thus far in. Review diagramming:

38. Infinitives (P. 492) • To + verb (not noun/pronoun – then it would be a prepositional phrase.) • Examples: To go • To come • To eat at my house • To run fast • Non-example: to my house

39. Infinitives can work in many noun/adj./adv. roles (P. 492). • Subject: To eat was his passion. • Object: I love to eat. (DO) • To play football was his dream. • I like to ski. • He prefers to water ski on the lake in the summer.

40. Extra Practice: P. 499 – Ex. 5 Practice: P. 492 – Ex. 11

41. Usage Problem: • Don’t split an infinitive EVER. • I decided to not go. • I promised to never give him her number. • “to boldly go where no man has ever gone before” – Star Trek . . . YIKES!

42. Now diagram these!! Triple Yay!!!!!

43. Diagram: • To play football was his dream. (subject) • I like to ski. (object) • He prefers to water ski on the lake in the summer. (object) • I decided not to go. (object) • I promised never to give him her number. (object with IO & DO!! mind-blaster – BE CAREFUL).

44. Put them above the main line. If they are working as subjects or direct objects . . .

45. If they are another part of speech, they might go below. • To make the team stressed his reserves of strength. (subject) • To make the team, he practiced daily. (adv.) • He was eager to eat. (adv.) • He had a tendency to eat. (adj.)

46. Infinitive phrases – P. 499

47. Review of 2 types of verbals

48. Verbals Thus Far Participial Phrases Infinitive Phrases To + verb NOT to + noun/pronoun (prep. phrase) Subjects/objects/ adjectives/adverbs) Diagram ABOVE if subject/DO. Diagram UNDER if adj./ adv. • -ing or –ed endings • Unless irregular verbs • Adjectives (describing nouns/pronouns) • Diagram UNDER the noun/pronoun.

49. Participle or Infinitive Phrase? • The young teacher hoped to gain her credentials by March. • The old collie, lying in the shade, rarely ran or played. • Romping mischievously, the tiny puppy was running through the tall grass. • Frustrated, the teenager stared at the wall. • To make the colorguard required dexterity and commitment.

50. What part of speech is it? • The young teacher hoped to gain her credentials by March. • The old collie, lying in the shade, rarely ran or played. • Romping mischievously, the tiny puppy was running through the tall grass. • Frustrated, the teenager stared at the wall. • To make the colorguard required dexterity and commitment.