Understanding the Respiratory System for Speech Production

1. Speech Summary

2. Inspiration

3. Inspiration Inspiration Diaphragm: down External Intercostals: ribs up and out Abdominal Muscles: down and out

4. How do we breathe? Boyle’s Law: PV = constant • P = pressure • V = volume Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure http://sciencesquad.questacon.edu.au/activities/model_lung.html

5. Upper Airway http://www.easyrent.tj/001_lib/002_anatomy_3d/3d_models/human_anatomy/male_systems/Male_Respiratory_3.php

6. Respiratory Passage http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/Respiratory%20System.htm

7. Trachea http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/bronchi_trachea.html

8. Lung Volume Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 31.

9. Phonation threshold pressure (PTP): smallest subglottal pressure needed to start self-sustained oscillation • For low frequency phonation, PTP is around 3-4 cm H20

10. Nonuniform tissue movement: Multimass models • Upper and lower parts of the vocal folds do not move as one • The lower part of the vocal folds moves first, followed by the upper part • Convergent: lower further apart than upper • Divergent: upper further apart than lower Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

11. Innervation • Vagus (CN X) • Superior laryngeal nerve: • Cricothyroid (CT) • Recurrent laryngeal nerve: • Thyroarytenoid (TA) • Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) • Lateral Cricoarytenoids (LCA) • Interarytenoids (IA) Blumenfeld, H., 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.

12. ABduction & ADduction • PCA: • Rocks arytenoids away from midline • ABducts the vocal folds • LCA: • Rocks arytenoids toward midline • ADducts the vocal folds Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Perception. Pg. 107.

13. Interarytenoids • Transverse: • Pulls arytenoids toward each other • ADducts the vocal folds • Oblique: • Tips one arytenoid (apex) toward the other (body) • ADducts the vocal folds Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Perception. Pg. 101.

14. TA and CT: Activation Patterns • CT active and TA passive = increase pitch • Increase length • Increase stiffness • TA active and CT passive = decrease pitch • Decrease length • Decrease stiffness • TA and CT contract simultaneously = increase pitch • Increase stiffness

15. Mouth Pharynx Glottis Transmitted Reflected Incident Impedance

16. Vocal Tract: Single Tube • Vocal tracts have more than one resonance (formant) • The following equation is used to find the frequency of a specific formant: Fn = (2n-1)(c/4L) F = formant n = formant number L = vocal tract length

17. Basics of Resonance Source-Filter Theory of Voice Production Source = vocal folds (glottis) Filter = vocal tract (pharynx/oral cavity) “Whereas the glottis produces a sound of many frequencies, the vocal tract selects (filters) a subset of these frequencies for radiation from the mouth.” Note: This theory states that the vocal folds produce the fundamental frequency (pitch)- the vocal tract does not change the pitch Quote from: Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

18. Formants • As the vocal tract lengthens, the formant frequencies decrease • Shortening leads to an increase in formant frequencies • Some ways you can influence vocal tract length: • Lengthening: lowering larynx and/or lip rounding • Shortening: raising larynx and/or lip retracting • Your book states that the larynx can be raised or lowered by as much as 2 cm

19. Resonance • Titze 163 Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

20. Tongue Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

21. Hypoglossal (CN XII) • MOTOR ONLY • Tongue http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/CN+XII

22. Soft Palate • When the soft palate is lowered (Tensor veli palatini, Palatoglossus), air enters the nose • Resonance between 300-500 Hz Zemlin, pg 264.

23. Vagus (CN X) • Pharyngeal • Pharynx • Soft palate • Gag • Superior laryngeal • Pharyngeal constrictor • Larynx • Recurrent laryngeal • Larynx Blumenfeld, H., 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.

24. Mandible: Lowering • Digastricus • Mylohyoid • Geniohyoid • Connect jaw and hyoid • Contraction: raise hyoid, depress jaw

25. Teeth Zemlin, pg 240.

26. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

27. Buccal Facial (CN VII) Zygomatic Mandibular Temporal Cervical • Facial Expression • Forehead: Temporal • Blink: Zygomatic • Nose: Buccal • Lips: Buccal • Jaw: Mandibular & Cervical http://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Nervous-System/AN00084.cfm?RenderForPrint=1