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Part 1- Nationalism

Part 1- Nationalism. *Nationalism a strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country. Nationalism was a uniting or dividing force. Breaks up Austrian & Ottoman Empires & threatens Russia. Unifies Germany & Italy. The German States.

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Part 1- Nationalism

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  1. Part 1- Nationalism

  2. *Nationalisma strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country

  3. Nationalism was a uniting or dividing force Breaks up Austrian & Ottoman Empires & threatens Russia Unifies Germany & Italy

  4. The German States

  5. German-speaking people lived in a number of small, medium sized states, Prussia and the Austrian (Hapsburg) empire. Prussia Europe 1800s Austrian (Hapsburg) Empire

  6. Germany was politically fragmented

  7. A Step Toward Unity • Napoleon - France • Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire • Created the Rhine Confederation • Congress of Vienna • Created German Confederation • Controlled by Austria • Otto Von Bismarck, 1862 • He was a Prussian loyalist • Named Chancellor by King of Prussia • Annexed parts of Germany to control the German Confederation • Insulted Napoleon III starting the Franco-PrussianWar 1870

  8. “The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions but by BLOOD AND IRON.” • Realpolitik - “the politics of reality”: tough calculated politics in which idealism plays no part. • He led Prussia into three successful wars. • Each war moved the German states closer to unity.

  9. Germany • King William I of Prussia • Took the title “Kaiser” meaning emperor • Ushered in the second Reich • New Government • They had a Constitution • Two-House Legislation • Bundesrat– Upper House • Reichstag – Lower House • Problems • Upper House (Bundesrat) could veto Lower House (Reichstag). • Therefore - real power remain in hands of emperor and his close circle

  10. Crowning of Kaiser Wilhelm I in the Versailles Hall of Mirrors

  11. 1871, the Second Reich (empire) is born

  12. King William the II • Fired Bismarck • Expanded social welfare, • transportation, electricity, • public schools, etc. • Expanded the army & navy • wanted overseas empire to • rival British. • Becomes Europe’s leading • INDUSTRIAL GIANT!!!!!!

  13. Lookingto the Past and the Future!!! What was the 1st Reich?? Holy Roman Empire • What was the 3rd Reich?? • WWII- Hitler’s 3rd Reich

  14. Italy

  15. Unification of Italy 1832-1870 As in Germany, the invasions of Napoleon sparked dreams of national unity 1859

  16. Italy Obstacles to Unify • Had been a battleground for foreign and local princes • Nationalists wanted to unite language & customs • City-states controlled by various empires • N W by Austria, NE by France • Crushed any rebellions 1820-1848 • Nationalists - secret patriotic society

  17. Nationalism Builds • *Giuseppe Mazzini • During the 1800s, nationalist leaders worked to unite Italy • 1832 established “Young Italy” to fight for a free and independent Italy • Led an 1848 rebellion that seized Rome and set up a short lived Republic.

  18. Struggle for Italy • 1848- Italian Nationalist Party transferred to Sardinia • Victor Emmanuel II • Count Camillo Cavour • Prime Minister of Sardinia • Goal: social reform, annex states from Austria • 1859 – gained several states

  19. *Giuseppe Garibaldi Sicilian Nationalist • Ally to Mazzini, also wanted to create Italian Republic • *Red Shirts – 1000 Troops volunteers, went into battle with Garibaldi “I offer hunger ,thirst, battles, and death. Let him who loves his country in his heart, and not with his lips only, follow me.” – Garibaldi

  20. Giuseppe Garibaldi “I offer hunger, thirst, battles, and death. Let him who loves his country in his heart, and not with his lips only, follow me.” – Garibaldi

  21. Unity at Last • Garibaldi- quickly took Sicily & Naples • Handed over to Victor Emmanuel II- Crowned King 1860 • United Southern Italy 1861, Kingdom of two Sicily's, Papal state, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, &Lombardy – map pg. 579 • Rome and Venetia added later • 1870 a united Italy Turn to page 579

  22. Challenges- New Italy Economy • North was rich but south poor and filled with peasants *Politics • Republic in name only Constitutional Monarchy • Two House legislature. Upper house could veto lower house Culture Roman Catholic Church – division between church and state Many emigrated to U.S., Canada, & Latin America

  23. Summary Use at least four sentences to summarize your notes up to this point.

  24. In Eastern Europe, nationalism helped break up the declining Austrian and Ottoman empires.

  25. Hapsburg Empire “Austria” • Slowly declining • Nationalistic feelings of Austria’s ethnic groups... Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Romanians, Serbs, Croats, Hungarians and German speaking Austrians • 1866 defeat by Prussia caused a split • Creating Hungary-Austrian empire Coat of Arms of Austria-Hungary, adopted in 1915 to emphasize the unity of the Empire during WWI

  26. Ottoman Empire • “Sick Old Man” ethnically diverse • *Various groups revolted • Serbia 1817, Greece 1830's, others followed • France, Britain, Austria began taking pieces of the Old Man

  27. A complex web of competing interests led to a series of wars and crises • Called the “Balkan powder keg”

  28. Russia was another huge multinational empire showing signs of trouble

  29. Russia • *Conditions in Russia • Largest, most populous nation in Europe 1815 • Economically underdeveloped - agricultural • Rigid social structure • Nobility - property, wealth, & power • Majority of population Serfs/peasants • Absolutism • Remained unaffected by Enlightenment & French Revolution

  30. Russia Absolutism • Nicholas I – Absolutism • Repression • Secret police, banned books • 150,000 exiled to Siberia • 3 Pillars of Russia • Orthodoxy – Russian Church and Government tied • Autocracy – absolute power of the state • Nationalism – respect for tradition and suppression of non – Russian groups

  31. Alexander II • Came to throne 1855 during Crimean War • Liberals wanted change and reform • Emancipation 1861 – serfs freed • Reforms: trail by jury, military service • Radicals – terrorism began • Assassination -1881

  32. Alexander III • Took Action: • Secret Police, Exiled critics • One language, one church • Persecuted Jews and Muslims • Building Nationalism: • Rein in radicals, return order • Looking to united and move Russia forward into Industrial Age

  33. Russia enters the Industrial Age • Industrialization • Railroads connecting Iron • Coal mines with factories • Problems • Excessive growth in city, poor conditions, hours, pay, Peasant life did not change

  34. Crisis • Nicholas II – Alexander III son • Inherited throne & Problems • “Bloody Sunday” - Peaceful March, 1905 • walking streets and singing hymns toward Winter Palace • Asking for constitution and social reforms • Palace feared crowd- sent troops out • Hundreds died and wounded

  35. Revolution 1905 • Discontent – strikes ,take down Gov’t • Nicholas II Presents : • October Manifesto- 1905 • Freedom of speech & assembly • Duma – elected national legislature

  36. Summary Use at least four sentences to summarize your notes up to this point.

  37. Chapter 24- Growth of Western Democracies (Happening During Industrial Revolution)

  38. Britain – Parliament • 1815 – Constitutional Monarchy w/ parliament • 5% vote- Wealthy, Nobles • House of Lords – appointed, could veto • House of Commons – voted in members (wealthy country landowners &merchants) • Problems • Population shift to from country to cities • Parliament only representing wealthy

  39. *Reforming Parliament • The Great Reform Act 1832 • Non-Protestant right to vote • Gave seats in House of Commons to city • Didn’t help rural or city poor • Chartist Movement –Nationalism • Demanded universal male suffrage….Secret ballot • New Era • 1867- extended suffrage to all men • 1911- Lords could no longer veto House of Commons

  40. “ Now mind you, - if I kill you, its nothing, If you kill me, by jingo its murder.”

  41. Victorian Movement • Queen Victoria • Longest Reign: 1837-1901 • Values: • Duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, • most important respectability • Wife was to be dutiful • Upper and Middle-class way of life • Working class could not match

  42. Social & Economic Reforms • Tariff on international trade • Repealed Corn laws – tariff on grain • free trade – laissez faire • Campaign Against Slavery • 1807 abolished slave trade – first European Nation • 1833 banished slave use in Britain • Crime and punishment • 1800’s- 200 crimes punishable by death • 1850 – limited murder convictions • Murder, piracy, treason, arson

  43. Working Class • *4 Ghosts of the Poor: • Accident -Sickness • Old-Age - Unemployment • *Working Class Reforms : • 1842- 10yrs. to work • 1847- 10hr. Day/ min wage • Labor Union • Free Education • Civil Testing • Social Programs • Women suffrage 1918

  44. Ireland • Peasants: • Made up most of population • Paid high rent to English nobles • High tithe to the church • Under Britain's control • *1845 Potato Famine • ¾ Irish crops sent to England • 1845- disease hits crops • 4years – 1 million died from famine • Nationalism Grew

  45. Independence 1921 – after WWI Population Change in Ireland from 1845-1851

  46. France- Napoleon III • 2nd Empire (1848) • Appealed to mass because of name and lines in classes • Government-Constitutional Monarchy • Actual dictatorship • Economic Growth – promoting Nationalism • Prospered during mid 1800s • Industrialized – industry, railroad, &urban renewal in Paris • Labor Unions, Public education & Social Programs

  47. Fall of Napoleon III • Foreign Failures • Helped Austrian Hapsburg empire gain Mexico, but backfired • Helped Italy Nationalist, but after Italy united, became rival on Frances border • War with Prussia • Lured by Bismarck into war 1870 • Captured in Sudan • Germany moved on Paris

  48. Third Republic • Republicans set up Provisional Government • Third Republic – with an elected National Assembly • Harsh peace with Germany • Had to give up Alsace and Lorraine states, along with large fine • Many opposed way of government • Suppressed all opposing groups • Killed 20,000 US silver dollar sized 5 franc coin from the Third Republic

  49. Structure – Lasted 70 Years • Two House legislature • Lower legislature • Senate • Prime Minister – Most powerful • Coalition – alliance with one party • First 10 years – 50 different coalition governments were formed and fell

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