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The Religious Wars

The Religious Wars. Quick Review. Overview. Key issue for AP Euro The causes Nature End Results Although Religion is in the title all of these “Religious” conflicts were influenced by political and territorial ambitions. Religion map. Religion map.

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The Religious Wars

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  1. The Religious Wars Quick Review

  2. Overview • Key issue for AP Euro • The causes • Nature • End Results • Although Religion is in the title all of these “Religious” conflicts were influenced by political and territorial ambitions

  3. Religion map

  4. Religion map

  5. Philip II: Catholic Protector (1556-1598) • Ruler of Spain, the Low Countries and parts of Italy as well as Spain's Colonies in the New World • Where did he get this crown? • His father Charles V gave him this and left the HRE to Ferdinand • Ended the first 30 years war with the Peace of Augsburg • “Cuius region eius region” (whose rule, his religion) • Habsburg line is divided • Identified strongly as Spanish and in turn the Catholic traditions

  6. Philip II: Catholic Protector (1556-1598) Philip II Ferdinand HRE Charles V

  7. Philip II: Catholic Protector (1556-1598) • EL ESCORIAL– outside of Madrid • Part residence, part monastery and religious retreat

  8. Philip II: King of Paper • Oversaw the smallest details of his kingdom • Reviewed all of his documents • Very interested in France

  9. The French Wars of Religion • Long series of religious conflicts (1560-1598) • Francis I (of France) tries to end the spread of Protestantism; Calvinism continues to grow in Spain • Somewhat sponsored by his sister MARGUERITE OF NAVARRE– Deeply religious and author of several controversial books • Why would the aristocrats selflessly believe in Calvinism? • Predestination….

  10. The French Wars of Religion • 40% of the aristocrats full supported French Calvinism. Termed HUGEUNOT Faith in France. • Caused tension in the Catholic monarchy due to the aristocrats pushing this form of Calvinism • Henry II (a strong leader dies in jousting accident) • Lead to civil conflict in France

  11. The French Wars of Religion

  12. The French Wars of Religion • Three sided struggle in France • Monarchy lead by Henry’s widow Catherine de Medici and following the Valois family roots as Catholic • She advocated political stability over religious orthodoxy • Term known as POLITIQUE • She also wants to maintain the throne for her three weak sons • Francis II (1559-1560) • Charles IX (1560-1574) • Henry III (1574-1589)

  13. The French Wars of Religion • Three sided struggle in France • Protestant Nobles who laid claim to the throne through • Henry Bourbon (of Navarre) • Navarre region comes up again… • Wanted free worship for those of the Huguenot faith • Guise family who were ultra-Catholics • Supported by the Jesuits, the Papacy in Rome, and of course… Philip II • Were nervous of a Protestant threat and wanted to restore a strong Catholic king to the throne

  14. The French Wars of Religion • The Religious conflict in France was actually 13 small wars • Catherine and her sons attempted multiple times to compromise POLITIQUE • One of these compromises has the Henry Bourbon agreeing to marry Catherine De Medici’s daughter as sign of reconciliation • During the wedding celebration in Paris rumors started of a Protestant uprising and attempt to take over the government • Lead to the slaughter of Protestant Nobles St. BARTHOLEMEW’S Day MASSACRE • 10,000 killed in France • Henry converts to Catholic faith to save his hide but soon renounces

  15. The Henries Henry III king of France Catholic / POLITIQUE Henry Guise Ultra Catholic Henry IV of Navarre Protestant

  16. The French Wars of Religion • Final Stage of France’s civil war was called “THE WAR OF THE THREE HENRIES” • Henry Guise (ultra Catholic) takes the city of Paris and threatened the Valois hold on the throne • Henry III (Valois) felt obligated to form an alliance against the Ultra Catholics with Henry Bourbon (whom he promised would be next in line) • With the pretense of compromise they both invite Guise to the palace and assassinate him. • In reprisal a monk kills Henry III and thus made Henry Bourbon (IV) ruler of France. • On HENRY IV’s way to Paris Spanish troops (again who was their king?) barred him and he spent the next 10 yrs. Trying to win control • To create peace he converted back to Catholicism (the majority religion in France) • Supposedly saying “PARIS IS WORTH A MASS”

  17. The French Wars of Religion • Edict of Nantes • A compromise that allowed Huguenots to practice their religion outside of Paris and fortified towns • (Remember the peace agreement in Germany that did created a similar compromise?) • Over the next several years Henry IV became one of the most beloved monarchs in French history and established a strong Bourbon dynasty

  18. The Wars of Spain • Philip inherited BURGUNDY (17 provinces known as the Low Countries • His father (Charles the V) grew up there but Philip was an “outsider” • They wanted to maintain their autonomy • Philip increased their taxes • Wanted to end “heresy” • The Netherlands (AKA Burgundy) was a cross-roads for trade and therefore had religious tolerance and a far number of Calvinists • Starts an Inquisition

  19. The Wars of Spain

  20. The Wars of Spain • In revolt the Burgundiansin 1566 start smashing symbols of Catholicism • ICONOCLAST REVOLT • Philip is infuriated and sends in Duke Alba to deal with the revolt and Alba establishes the COUNCIL OF BLOOD • The revolt leader emerges as WILLIAM “the silent” from the House of Orange (Silent because he never discussed his military strategies • Things don’t work out as planed so he sends is Nephew in to divide the 17 provinces

  21. The Wars of Spain • The southern 10 agree to end their part in the UNION OF ARRAS. • Southern 10 spoke mostly French (Walloons) • The Northern 7 were mostly Dutch speaking (Flemish) • Formed the UNION OF UTRECHT • Queen Elizabeth I of England covertly was aiding the Dutch against the Spanish – Sir Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships

  22. The Wars of Spain • Philip sought to teach his once sister in law and women he had attempted to marry a lesson • Send the Spanish Armada (Failed) • Philip never admitted defeat in the Netherlands but his succession Philip the III signed a TWELVE YEARS’ truce in 1609 with the Union of Utrecht • The lower ten provinces remained loyal to Spain and became known as the Spanish Netherlands

  23. The Wars of Spain • Once the strongest nation in Europe Spain slowly declines in power • 1. they overextended themselves financially and politically and they fell behind economically • 2. the Iberian (Peninsula where Spain is located) crusading persecuted talented Muslims • 3. internal revolts over high taxes and population decline took the “sails” out of the population • By the start of the Thirty Years War Spain’s “golden age” was over.

  24. Review • Who was Charles the V? • Who were the three Henry’s and what religious position did they each have? • Philip II supported who? • Who are the HUGEUNOT? • What other agreement made during this era was similar to the Peace of Augsburg? • What are the other names used to describe the “Low Countries”?

  25. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Overview: This was the most devastating conflict in European history prior to the WW’s of the 20th century • Began as a civil war in Germany over religion but escalated into a continental battle over territorial and political ambitions • Years before the war German sides had been set • Protestant Union • Catholic League • Both groups created alliances with outside powers to gain their aid.

  26. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Following the Peace of Augsburg (1555) Germany stood divided between Catholic and Lutheran states. • Did not take into account the fastest growing religion at the time (post 1560) CALVANISM • The Holy Roman Emperor according to the GOLDEN BULL of 1356 was elected by a vote • Three states were Catholic • Three states were Protestant • The last was Bohemia (which way would they go?)

  27. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • How to get Bohemia • Ferdinand II (the next Hapsburg in line from the traditional ruling house) promises Bohemia nobles he would respect their liberties if they elected him king of Bohemia. He could then vote for himself to be king of the HRE. • After being elected he broke his promise and thus incited the conflict with the Bohemian nobles

  28. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • This event set of the DEFENESTRATION OF PRAGUE (1618) • Bohemian nobles throughout the two imperial officials and elect Fredrick V of Palatine as their new king. • The war can then be divided into 4 distinct phases

  29. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)– 4 Phases • See handout • 1 Bohemian • 2. Danish • 3. Swedish • 4. Franco - Swedish

  30. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)– A Peace • The PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648) • HRE no longer plays a major role in the affairs of Central Europe • Treaty formally recognizes the independence of Switzerlandand the Dutch Republic • France, Sweden Prussia (in Germany) and the Dutch gain in power • HRE and Spain fall to second tier powers

  31. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)– A Peace • Signaled the “nail in the coffin” of the Middle Ages • Recognized the internal rights of of each nation over its own religions affairs • Made it so there would never be religious unity in Europe. This was evidence by the minimal role the Papacy had in the negotiations • Germany suffered heavily with 20-33% of their population gone and a vacuum in power in Central Europe • Filled by Prussia and Austria

  32. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)– A Peace • Results • Europe underwent a military revolution. • Gunpowder • Pike men and musketeers • Massed volley (firing at the same time) • More flexible military tactics with lighter more mobile Calvary • To pay for war and deal with overseas complexities governments grew larder and more centralized • Warfare became primary function of European States • Often up to 80% of their budgets

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