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Religious Wars

Religious Wars. Ch 12. I. Introduction. Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation Unquestioning obedience to the C atholic church and its hierarchy

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Religious Wars

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  1. Religious Wars Ch 12

  2. I. Introduction • Mid-1500sto Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence • Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics • Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation • Unquestioning obedience to the Catholic church and its hierarchy • Wars consisted of internal civil wars and those that crossed country borders

  3. I. Introduction • Major Cultural differences • Architecture • Catholic- Baroque (Very Ornate) • Protestant- Reserved and Functional • Church Organization • Catholic- Hierarchal • Protestant- Decentralized (No individual in power) • Secular Government • Catholic- Absolute Monarchies • Protestant- Parliamentary/Congressional

  4. II. French Civil War • Took place between 1562-1598 • Catholics vs. Huguenots (Besancon Hugues) • France was ruled by the Valois family • Henry II ruled during the first part • Was killed at a tournament • Francis II takes over but dies after a year • Followed by Charles IX & Henry III. • Catherine de Medici- Controlled sons • Played both sides to her advantage

  5. II. French Civil Wars • There were two sides: • Guise family led Catholics in North • Bourbon family led Huguenots in South • Fighting for the royal inheritance and to control royal family • Catherine supported the Guises initially. • Wanted Catholic France • Afraid of Guise rule

  6. II. French Civil Wars • St. BartholomewsDay Massacre • August 22, 1572 • Attempted to kill Coligny- leader of the Huguenots • Catherine panics and orders the massacre • August 24, 1572 • 20,000 Huguenots were killed • Led to Protestants becoming more active in resisting Catholic rule

  7. II. French Civil Wars • Catherine started supporting the Bourbons • Saw that they were most likely the ones to win • Henry of Navarre (r. 1589-1610) • Bourbon • Succeeded Henry III (Valois) • Becomes Henry IV of France • Defeated Catholic League in 1598 • Sought to institute religious tolerance

  8. II. French Civil Wars • Henry IV (cont.) • Converted to Catholicism • Did this to compromise and make peace • “Paris is worth a mass.”. • This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations] • Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598 • Granted religious rights to Huguenots • Did not grant religious freedom for all P397 DBQ

  9. III. Spain • Phillip II (r.1556-1598) • Son of Charles V (HRE) • Also heir to the HRE • Took over the Imperial Superpower • Ruled during a time of huge supplies of silver and gold from Americas • Strangely died massively in debt • Wealth held by small few • Had the largest Navy

  10. II. Spain • Phillip became heavily involved in numerous regions of Europe • Fought the Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean • Netherlands (source of conflict due to extreme wealth) • First “modern economy” • Married Mary I (of England) • Part of major Catholic conflict in England • French Civil War • Financed the Catholic League

  11. III. England • Mary I (r. 1553-1558) • Catholic • Took over after Edward VI died • Married Phillip II • Devout Catholic • Heavily persecuted protestants • Burning at the stake for heresy

  12. III. England • Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) • “Virgin Queen” • A politiques • Unity of country over religion • Removed all anti-Protestant laws and stopped Protestant persecution • Actually brought many exiled protestants into her court • Merged Protestant and Catholic doctrine in the Anglican Church • Executed her cousin Mary (Stuart) Queen of Scots for plotting her assassination. • Openly funded Henry of Navarre

  13. III. England • Spanish Armada (1587) • Spain was the major naval power in Europe • Phillip II initiated conflict after Mary Stuart’s execution • For a long time, Elizabeth secretly supported Sir Francis Drake on pirating expeditions against the Spanish Gold Ships • May 30, 1587 • A smaller force of English and Netherland ships, won a decisive victory against a Spanish fleet of 130 ships

  14. IV. 30 Year’s War • War fought in various phases in and around the territory of the HRE • Lasted from 1618-1648 • Initially between Catholic and Protestants but soon became a war over the rule of the Hapsburgs • Each of the major European powers were involved in this conflict

  15. IV. 30 Year’s War • Consisted of 4 phases • Bohemian Phase 1618-1622 • Danish Phase 1625-1629 • Swedish Phase 1630-1635 • French Phase 1635- 1648

  16. IV. 30 Year’s War • Bohemian Phase 1618-1622 • Started when Ferdinand II took power as king over Bohemia • Hapsburg • Educated by Jesuits • Revoked religious freedom for protestants • Defenestration of Prague • Protestant nobles pushed his regents out of the royal palace

  17. IV. 30 Year’s War • Bohemian Phase cont. • Ferdinand II becomes the HRE • Bohemians deposed him and made protestant Frederick V king of Bohemia • Spain gets involved in the conflict • Ferdinand eventually put down the revolt by 1622 and makes it a catholic state

  18. IV. 30 Year’s War • Danish Phase 1625-1629 • Ferdinand II tried to end all protestant resistance and sought to re-conquer the Northern part of the HRE • Hired Albrecht of Wallenstein to command his forces • Extremely successful • Instituted Edict of Restitution (1629) • Outlawed Calvinism • All former Catholic lands had to be returned

  19. IV. 30 Year’s War • Swedish Phase 1630-1635 • France and Sweden feared the increased power of the Hapsburgs • France backs the Swedish forces as they invaded HRE under the leadership of GustavusAdolphus • Employed more mobile tactics (fire and move) • Ferdinand brings back Wallenstein • Adolphus is killed in battle • But assassinates Wallenstein because he was working on deals with Protestants

  20. IV. 30 Year’s War • French Phase 1635- 1648 • Most destructive part of the war • 1/3 of Europe’s population was killed • Resulted in German famine • Destructive to European trade • France took a more active role • Most of Europe became involved • Widespread pillaging

  21. IV. 30 Year’s War • Treaty of Westphalia1648 • Ended the war in the HRE • Written in French • Granted German princes freedom from HRE • Determine their religion • France gained the Alsace • Switzerland becomes and independent state • Sweden gains territory in Northern Germany • Calvinist are recognized as a legitimate religion and given equal liberties This treaty gets blamed for many problems to come

  22. V. Conclusion • Many minority groups were recognized after this period • Europe’s balance of power shifts once again • Reinforced the right of rulers to determine the religion of their territory

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