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Mitochondria

Mitochondria. By: Molly Smith and Shannon Cikowski. The Discovery of the Mitochondria. The discovery took place in the 19 th century. Richard Altmann was studying animal cells and he found small particles in the protoplasm of the cell. He called them bioblasts .

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Mitochondria

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  1. Mitochondria By: Molly Smith and Shannon Cikowski

  2. The Discovery of the Mitochondria • The discovery took place in the 19th century. • Richard Altmann was studying animal cells and he found small particles in the protoplasm of the cell. • He called them bioblasts. • Carl Benda first called them mitochondria, what they are known as today.

  3. Who Discovered the Mitochondria? • Richard Altmann • He was a German pathologist • A student of Johann Miescher, who discovered nucleic acid • Altmann is also known for his work with the cell theory and structure, and for terming nucleic acids.

  4. The Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. • All cells come from preexisting cells.

  5. Mitochondria

  6. Mitochondria • Found in all eukaryotic cells • Small organelles • Cells could have up to several thousand mitochondria • Cells that consume a great deal of energy, like muscle cells, will have a higher amount of mitochondria. • Inner membrane: • 75% proteins • Proteins – macromolecules made from amino acids • Contains many enzymes of the electron transport system and the ATP synthase • Outer membrane: • 80% lipids • Lipids – macromolecules made from fatty acids • Controls the movement of molecules in and on out of the mitochondria

  7. Mitochondria • From the outside to the inside: • Outer membrane. • Inner membrane space then and inner membrane • Cristae • Matrix • Inside the matrix there is DNA, granules, ribosomes, and ATP synthase particles. • Mitochondrial DNA • Generally circular • Simpler than DNA in the nucleus • Maternally inherited

  8. What is DNA? - Heredity material made of nucleotides What are nucleotides in DNA made of? - Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar) - One of four nitrogen bases - Phosphate group What are the nitrogen bases? - Adenine - Cytosine - Thymine - Guanine Mitochondria contain DNA – What is DNA?

  9. Function of the Mitochondria • They convert oxygen, sugars, fats, and proteins into useable energy. • Energy is used for the body’s daily function and growth. • Many chemical reactions used in cellular respiration in animal cells happen in the mitochondria. • Cellular respiration: breaking down of organic molecules to produce energy • Powerhouses of the cell • Site of ATP synthesis ATP

  10. Cellular Respiration in the Mitochondria – Krebs Cycle • Krebs Cycle: • Second stage of cellular respiration • Occurs in the mitochondria’s fluid-filled matrix • Enzymes of the Krebs cycle are in the matrix • What happens: • Pyruvate (3-carbon acid) enters the mitochondria • Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide • Energy is extracted in the series of reactions • What is produced through the Krebs cycle: • 6 CO2 molecules - 8 NADH molecules • 2 ATP molecules - 2 FADH2 molecules

  11. Cellular Respiration in the Mitochondria Electron Transport System • Electron Transport System: • Third stage of cellular respiration • Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria • Proteins of the ETS are embedded in the inner membrane • What happens: • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along the proteins. • Energy is extracted each time they arepassed • Electrons finally reach the final part of the chain and form water with O2 • What is produced through the Krebs cycle: • 6 CO2 molecules - 8 NADH molecules • 2 ATP molecules - 2 FADH2 molecules

  12. Electron Transport System and ATP • Electron transport system creates a concentration gradient. • H+ ions pass through a carrier protein called ATP synthase, which creates ATP. • Therefore, the flow of H+ ions is used to synthesize ATP. What is ATP? • Adenosine Triphosphate • ATP is the molecule used by all the organisms as a storage form of cellular free energy. • ATP releases some of its stored energy in a way that can perform cellular work. • The Mitochondria makes energy in the form of ATP in animal cells.

  13. Diseases of the Mitochondria • Mitochondria make 90% of the energy for our bodies, so diseases in the mitochondria are dangerous. • Primarily affect children, but also adults • Often inherited, but there are other factors that also cause it • Cause: Mutations in mitochondrial DNA • SymptomsInclude: Muscle weakness, poor growth, respiratory complications, seizures, liver disease, droopy eyelids, ect.

  14. Mitochondria Disease • What happens: Mitochondria are failing and can not perform their main function, producing energy for your body, which causes many of the symptoms and weaknesses • What happens: Parts of the body that need the most energy, such as the heart, brain, and muscles, are affected the most What happens: Since cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria, a person with a mitochondria disease could experience respiratory problems

  15. Diseases Linked to Mitochondrial Disease • Diabetes • Parkinson’s disease • Alzheimer’s disease • Though mitochondrial diseases are not the direct cause of these diseases, they are linked to the mitochondria. The mitochondria of a person with these diseases are not functioning properly.

  16. Works Cited • "3d Model Mitochondria Energy Cell - Mitochondria by MG Lomb Animation." 3d Model Mitochondria Energy Cell. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3d-model-mitochondria-energy-cell/609889>. • "7thGrade Life Science." 7th Grade Life Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.stephsnature.com/lifescience/cellnotes.html>. • "About Mitochondrial Disease - Mito FAQ." Mitochondrial Disease Action Committee. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.mitoaction.org/mito-faq>. • "All About Diabetes." Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 30 Jan. 0032. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/diabetes/>. • "Animation Library." Animation Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.animationlibrary.com/animation/21377/DNA/>. • "Animation Library." Animation Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.animationlibrary.com/sc/247/Party/?page=2>. • "Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering : Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham Virtual Lab." Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering : Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham Virtual Lab. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://amrita.vlab.co.in/?sub=3>. • "Freeing Human Eggs of Mutant Mitochondria." Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group, 14 Apr. 2010. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100414/full/news.2010.180.html>. • "Lab Manual Exercise # 1a." Lab Manual Exercise # 1a. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm>.

  17. Works Cited • "Mitochondria - Turning on the Powerhouse." Biology4Kids.com: Cell Structure: Mitochondria. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_mito.html>. • "Mitochondria." About.com Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/ss/mitochondria.htm>. • "Mitochondria." Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.broadinstitute.org/education/glossary/mitochondria>. • "Mitochondrial Parkinson's Disease." Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments and Causes. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/m/mitochondrial_parkinsons_disease/intro.htm>. • "Solving Global Warming Will Require Far Greater Cuts than Thought." MIT Technology Review. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/news/408709/a-fountain-of-youth-in-mitochondria/>. • "Supporting Families Impacted by Mitochondrial Disease." MitoCanada RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.mitocanada.org/about-mitochondrial-disease/how-do-mitochondria-work/>. • "This System Is Just Unfair, Expensive, Mindless and Inefficient States Uwe Reinhardt, PhD. We Need a Single Payer System." FUTUREPREDICTIONSCOM Source of Likely and Preferable Futures. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://futurepredictions.com/category/healthcare-2/>. • "Who Discovered the Mitochondria?" The Science Experts RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://thescienceexperts.com/answers/who-discovered-the-mitochondria/>.

  18. Works Cited “What Is Mitochondrial Disease?” United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation. United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation. January 16, 2012. < http://www.umdf.org/site/c.8qKOJ0MvF7LUG/b.7934627/k.3711/What_is_Mitochondrial_Disease.htm>. McGraw-Hill. “Mitochondria.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. 2005. McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. January 17, 2012. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&docLevel=&prodId=GVRL&tabID=T003&subjectParam=&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&searchResultsType=SingleTab&subjectAction=&bucketSubId=&inPS=true&userGroupName=lans19446&nav=prev&sgCurrentPosition=&docId=GALE%7CCX3475803951>. Mc-Graw-Hill. BSCS Biology. Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2006. Print. “Cell Featuring Mitochondria.” Science Learning. 2007-2013. Science Learning Hub, University of Waikato. January 17, 2012. <http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Digestion-Chemistry/Sci-Media/Images/Cell-featuring-mitochondria>.

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