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MITOCHONDRIA

MITOCHONDRIA. Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane. Has its own DNA. Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface area for more chemical Reactions). Interior called MATRIX. What do mitochondria do?. “Power plant” of the cell. Burns glucose to release energy (ATP).

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MITOCHONDRIA

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  1. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface areafor more chemical Reactions) Interior called MATRIX

  2. What do mitochondria do? “Power plant” of the cell Burns glucose to release energy (ATP) Stores energy as ATP

  3. Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER • Network of hollow membrane tubules • Helps with the production of proteins and transports materials through the cell. • Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

  4. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) • Has ribosomes on its surface • Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell

  5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) • Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface • They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported

  6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface • Is attached to the ends of rough ER • Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell

  7. Functions of the Smooth ER • Makes membrane lipids (steroids) • Regulates calcium (muscle cells) • Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

  8. Endomembrane System Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)

  9. Ribosomes • Made of PROTEINS and rRNA • “Protein factories” for cell • Join amino acids to make proteins • Process called protein synthesis 

  10. Ribosomes Can be attached to Rough ER OR Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm

  11. Golgi Bodies • Stacks of flattened sacs • Have a shipping side (trans face) and receiving side (cis face) • Receive proteins made by ER • Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends CIS TRANS Transport vesicle

  12. Golgi Bodies Look like a stack of pancakes Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell

  13. Golgi

  14. Golgi Animation Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES

  15. Lysosomes-digesting machines • Contain digestive enzymes that work without oxygen in lower pH • Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells • Programmed for cell death (AUTOLYSIS)

  16. Lysosome Digestion • Cells take in food by phagocytosis • Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/

  17. Peroxisomes • Similar to lysosomes • Membrane bound and have enzymes that break down toxic materials in the cell • Contain enzymes that require oxygen to work • By-product of their breakdown is Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which they then break down into water and oxygen.

  18. Cilia & Flagella • Made of protein tubes called microtubules • Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or small particles across the cell surface

  19. Cilia & Flagella • Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells • Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells

  20. Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella

  21. Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the LungsRespiratory System

  22. Vacuoles • Fluid filled sacks for storage • Small or absent in animal cells • Plant cells have a large central vacuole • No vacuoles in bacterial cells

  23. Vacuoles • In plants, they store Cell Sap • Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes

  24. Contractile Vacuole • Found in unicellular protists like paramecia • Regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis) • Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting) Contractile vacuole animation

  25. Chloroplasts • Found only in producers (organisms containing chlorophyll) • Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) - photosynthesis • Energy from sun is stored in the chemical bonds of sugars

  26. Chloroplasts • Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane • Outer membrane smooth • Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids • Thylakoids in stacks are called Grana …which are interconnected • Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids

  27. Chloroplasts • Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis • Never in animal or bacterial cells • Like mitochondria, chloroplasts contain their own DNA

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