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Plantae

Plantae. Seed Plants. Vascular Plants. Formation of vascular tissue Xylem (water) Phloem (food) True leaves, roots, and stems Lignin ____________ generation dominate. Alternation of Generation. Alternation of Generation. Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte mosses

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Plantae

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  1. Plantae Seed Plants

  2. Vascular Plants • Formation of vascular tissue • Xylem (water) • Phloem (food) • True leaves, roots, and stems • Lignin • ____________ generation dominate

  3. Alternation of Generation

  4. Alternation of Generation • Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte • mosses • Large sporophyte and small independent gametophyte • ferns • Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte • seed plants

  5. Why be Sporophyte Dominant? • Reduced mutations • UV light harmful to DNA • Diploid (2n) form copes better with mutations • two alleles

  6. Why Retain Gametophyte Generation? • Ability to screen alleles • doesn’t require a large amount of energy • Sporophyte embryos rely on some gametophyte tissue

  7. Seeds • A seed is a sporophyte in a package • spores are only single cells • packaged with food • All seed plants are _____________ (more than one kind of spore) • megasporangia • microsporangia

  8. From Ovule to Seed Develops from megaspore Embryo, food supply, protective coat Whole structure

  9. Overview of Seed Plants • Produce Seeds • Can remain dormant for years • Pollination replaces swimming sperm • Gametophyte generation reduced • Gymnosperms lack antheridium • Angiosperms lack both archegonium and antheridium

  10. Phylogeny

  11. Gymnosperms(Naked Seed) • Division: Cycadophyta • Division: Ginkgophyta • Division: Gnetophyta • Division: Coniferophyta

  12. Ginkgophyta • Ginkgo or Maidenhair Tree • Characteristic leaves • Only one species • Only ______ are planted

  13. Cycadophyta • Cycads • Palm-like plants • Sago Palms • Leaves in cluster at top of trunks • True __________

  14. Gnetophyta • 3 Genera • Ephedra • Mormon Tea • ____________ • raises heart rate • raises blood pressure

  15. Coniferophyta

  16. Coniferophyta • Pine tree is the sporophyte generation • Contains both male and female cones • Pollen (___________) cones (low in tree) • produces pollen • Ovulate cones (high in tree) with scales • produces seeds

  17. Pine Life Cycle • No Antheridium (microsporangia) produce pollen grain (4 cells) • 2 prothallial cells • 1 generative cell • produces 2 sperm • 1 tube cell • __________ for dispersal

  18. Pine Life Cycle • Ovule in a ovulate cone • integument (seed coat) (2n) • megasporangia or nucellus (nutrition) (2n) • 4 _______________ from female gametophyte (3 die) • develops into female gametophyte • archegonium with eggs (n)

  19. Angiosperms

  20. Angiosperm

  21. Sepals Petals Receptacle (part of the stem) Stamen Anther Filament Carpel Stigma Style Ovary with ovule Flower

  22. Angiosperm Life Cycle

  23. Angiosperm Life Cycle • No Antheridium (microsporangia - diploid) • produce pollen grain • 1 ___________ cell • produces 2 sperm • 1 tube cell

  24. Angiosperm Life Cycle • Ovule in Ovary • megasporangia • produces 4 megaspores (3 die) • remaining one develops into female gametophyte called the _____________

  25. Angiosperm Life Cycle • Embryo sac (Female Gametophyte) consists of: • 7 cells (eight nuclei) due to 3 mitotic divisions • 3 ___________ • 2 polar nuclei (one cell) • 2 __________ • 1 egg

  26. Angiosperm Life Cycle • Double fertilization • one sperm unites with egg • one sperm unites with polar nuclei • develops into endosperm (3n) • Fruit and Seed development • ovule = seed • ovary = fruit

  27. Angiosperm Life Cycle

  28. Cross Pollination • Most flowers do not self-pollinate • stamen and carpal may develop at different times • stamen and carpal may be arranged in flower to avoid contact

  29. Angiosperm Radiation • Begins the Cenozoic era (65 mya) • Most closely related to the Gnetophyta • __________ • the mutual influence of two species on each other • plants and animals (insects, birds, bats)

  30. Pollination

  31. Dispersal

  32. The Global Impact • Transformed atmosphere • reduced carbon dioxide • cooled the earth • Nonrenewable/Renewable resource

  33. Plant StructureAnd Growth

  34. The Plant Body is Composed of Cells and Tissues • Tissue systems (Like Organs) • made up of tissues • Made up of cells

  35. Plant Tissue Systems • ____________________ • photosynthesis • storage • support • ____________________ • conduction • support • ___________________ • Covering Vascular Tissue System Dermal Tissue System

  36. Dermal Tissue System • Epidermis • Single layer, tightly packed cells • Complex Tissue – Does different things in different areas (roots vs. leaves) • usually transparent • secretes cuticle • ___________ – • replaces epidermis in woody plants • protection Periderm

  37. Root System Plant Systems Shoot System • ____________ • Tap Root • Lateral Roots • ____________ • Stems • Nodes (leaves are attached) • Internodes • Leaves • blades • petioles • Buds • Terminal (apical) • Axillary

  38. Plant Growth Meristematic • ______________ Tissue • generates cells for new growth (like stem cells in animals) • apical meristems • lateral meristems

  39. Apical Meristems • increases length called primary growth • ___________ - gives rise to dermal tissue • ________________- gives rise to ground tissue • _____________ - gives rise to vascular tissue Protoderm Ground Meristem

  40. Lateral Meristems • increases girth called secondary growth • __________________- produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem • ______________- produces cork (outer most layer of bark) Cork Cambium

  41. Pine Tree w/ 8 Cotyledons!

  42. The Root System • Functions • anchor plant • absorb minerals, water and nutrients • store food • Systems • ____________ - one large root with smaller lateral roots (dicots) • ____________- threadlike roots (monocots) Fibrous roots

  43. Root Tissue • Protoderm - gives rise to the epidermis • Ground Meristem • Cortex (external to vascular tissue) • Procambium - gives rise to the _______ (the vascular tissue of a root or stem) • xylem and phloem • may include pith (parenchyma cells surrounded by vascular tissue) Stele

  44. Dicot Root vs. Monocot Xylem (larger, in red) Endodermis Phloem (smaller, greenish) Pericycle – one layer IN from endoderm, gives rise to lateral roots “Pith” – central core of parenchyma cells surrounded by xylem and phloem

  45. Food Storage carrots, sweet potatoes, yams Water Storage pumpkin family Propagative Roots cherries, pears Pnematophores mangroves Aerial Roots orchids Buttress Roots tropical trees Haustoria dodder Modified Roots

  46. Shoot System

  47. Stems (Primary Growth) • Protoderm - gives rise to the epidermis • Procambium - gives rise to the stele • xylem and phloem in vascular bundles • dicots - found in ring • monocots - scattered throughout • includes “pith” in dicots • Ground Meristem • Cortex

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