Plantae

1. Plantae Seed Plants

2. Vascular Plants • Formation of vascular tissue • Xylem (water) • Phloem (food) • True leaves, roots, and stems • Lignin • ____________ generation dominate

3. Alternation of Generation

4. Alternation of Generation • Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte • mosses • Large sporophyte and small independent gametophyte • ferns • Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte • seed plants

5. Why be Sporophyte Dominant? • Reduced mutations • UV light harmful to DNA • Diploid (2n) form copes better with mutations • two alleles

6. Why Retain Gametophyte Generation? • Ability to screen alleles • doesn’t require a large amount of energy • Sporophyte embryos rely on some gametophyte tissue

7. Seeds • A seed is a sporophyte in a package • spores are only single cells • packaged with food • All seed plants are _____________ (more than one kind of spore) • megasporangia • microsporangia

8. From Ovule to Seed Develops from megaspore Embryo, food supply, protective coat Whole structure

9. Overview of Seed Plants • Produce Seeds • Can remain dormant for years • Pollination replaces swimming sperm • Gametophyte generation reduced • Gymnosperms lack antheridium • Angiosperms lack both archegonium and antheridium

10. Phylogeny

11. Gymnosperms(Naked Seed) • Division: Cycadophyta • Division: Ginkgophyta • Division: Gnetophyta • Division: Coniferophyta

12. Ginkgophyta • Ginkgo or Maidenhair Tree • Characteristic leaves • Only one species • Only ______ are planted

13. Cycadophyta • Cycads • Palm-like plants • Sago Palms • Leaves in cluster at top of trunks • True __________

14. Gnetophyta • 3 Genera • Ephedra • Mormon Tea • ____________ • raises heart rate • raises blood pressure

15. Coniferophyta

17. Coniferophyta • Pine tree is the sporophyte generation • Contains both male and female cones • Pollen (___________) cones (low in tree) • produces pollen • Ovulate cones (high in tree) with scales • produces seeds

18. Pine Life Cycle • No Antheridium (microsporangia) produce pollen grain (4 cells) • 2 prothallial cells • 1 generative cell • produces 2 sperm • 1 tube cell • __________ for dispersal

19. Pine Life Cycle • Ovule in a ovulate cone • integument (seed coat) (2n) • megasporangia or nucellus (nutrition) (2n) • 4 _______________ from female gametophyte (3 die) • develops into female gametophyte • archegonium with eggs (n)

21. Angiosperms

22. Angiosperm

23. Sepals Petals Receptacle (part of the stem) Stamen Anther Filament Carpel Stigma Style Ovary with ovule Flower

24. Angiosperm Life Cycle

25. Angiosperm Life Cycle • No Antheridium (microsporangia - diploid) • produce pollen grain • 1 ___________ cell • produces 2 sperm • 1 tube cell

26. Angiosperm Life Cycle • Ovule in Ovary • megasporangia • produces 4 megaspores (3 die) • remaining one develops into female gametophyte called the _____________

27. Angiosperm Life Cycle • Embryo sac (Female Gametophyte) consists of: • 7 cells (eight nuclei) due to 3 mitotic divisions • 3 ___________ • 2 polar nuclei (one cell) • 2 __________ • 1 egg

28. Angiosperm Life Cycle • Double fertilization • one sperm unites with egg • one sperm unites with polar nuclei • develops into endosperm (3n) • Fruit and Seed development • ovule = seed • ovary = fruit

29. Angiosperm Life Cycle

30. Cross Pollination

31. Angiosperm Radiation • Begins the Cenozoic era (65 mya) • Most closely related to the Gnetophyta • __________ • the mutual influence of two species on each other • plants and animals (insects, birds, bats)

32. Pollination

33. Dispersal

34. The Global Impact

35. Plant StructureAnd Growth

36. The Plant Body is Composed of Cells and Tissues • Tissue systems (Like Organs) • made up of tissues • Made up of cells

37. Plant Tissue Systems • ____________________ • photosynthesis • storage • support • ____________________ • conduction • support • ___________________ • Covering

38. Dermal Tissue System • Epidermis • Single layer, tightly packed cells • Complex Tissue – Does different things in different areas (roots vs. leaves) • usually transparent • secretes cuticle • ___________ – • replaces epidermis in woody plants • protection

39. Plant Systems • ____________ • Tap Root • Lateral Roots • ____________ • Stems • Nodes (leaves are attached) • Internodes • Leaves • blades • petioles • Buds • Terminal (apical) • Axillary

40. Plant Growth • ______________ Tissue • generates cells for new growth (like stem cells in animals) • apical meristems • lateral meristems

41. Apical Meristems • increases length called primary growth • ___________ - gives rise to dermal tissue • ________________- gives rise to ground tissue • _____________ - gives rise to vascular tissue

42. Lateral Meristems • increases girth called secondary growth • __________________- produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem • ______________- produces cork (outer most layer of bark)

43. Pine Tree w/ 8 Cotyledons!

45. The Root System • Functions • anchor plant • absorb minerals, water and nutrients • store food • Systems • ____________ - one large root with smaller lateral roots (dicots) • ____________- threadlike roots (monocots)

46. Root Tissue • Protoderm - gives rise to the epidermis • Ground Meristem • Cortex (external to vascular tissue) • Procambium - gives rise to the _______ (the vascular tissue of a root or stem) • xylem and phloem • may include pith (parenchyma cells surrounded by vascular tissue)

47. Dicot Root vs. Monocot

48. Food Storage carrots, sweet potatoes, yams Water Storage pumpkin family Propagative Roots cherries, pears Pnematophores mangroves Aerial Roots orchids Buttress Roots tropical trees Haustoria dodder Modified Roots

49. Shoot System

50. Stems (Primary Growth) • Protoderm - gives rise to the epidermis • Procambium - gives rise to the stele • xylem and phloem in vascular bundles • dicots - found in ring • monocots - scattered throughout • includes “pith” in dicots • Ground Meristem • Cortex