ELEN 468 Advanced Logic Design

1. ELEN 468Advanced Logic Design Lecture 7 System Tasks, Functions, Syntax and Behavioral Modeling I ELEN 468 Lecture 7

2. System Tasks and Functions ELEN 468 Lecture 7

3. Display Tasks • $monitor • $monitor(“%d %f %b %b”, $time, $realtime, x, y); • Continuously display values • $display, $displayb, $displayo, $displayh • $display(“x = %b y = %b”, x, y); • Display once only • $write, $writeb, $writeo, $writeh • $write(“x = %b y = %b”, x, y); • Same as display, but no “\n” ELEN 468 Lecture 7

4. $fopen, $fclose, $fdisplay module test_bench(); reg x; wire y; integer cd; assign y = ~x; initial begin cd = $fopen("test.dat"); #100 x = 0; $fdisplay(cd, "%b %b", x, y); $fclose(cd); end endmodule Files channel descriptor ELEN 468 Lecture 7

5. Read Memory parameter ram_file = “ram_data_file”; reg [15:0] RAM_1 [0:1023]; initial $readmemh(ram_file, RAM_1); // read input file as hexadecimal initial $readmemb(ram_file, RAM_1); // read input file as binary ELEN 468 Lecture 7

6. Simulation Control initial #200 $finish; • $finish and $finish(n) • n = 0, print nothing • n = 1, print simulation time and location • n = 2, print simulation time, location and statistics • $stop(n): interactive mode initial begin #20 x=0; y=0; $stop(0); ELEN 468 Lecture 7

7. range mean standard deviation Probability Distribution Generate different types of distributions integer seed, d; d = $dist_uniform(seed, 0, 9); d = $dist_exponential(seed, 3); d = $dist_normal(seed, 0, 5); ELEN 468 Lecture 7

8. `timescale `include `defaultnettype `define and `undef `ifdef, `else, `endif `include “testbench.v” `defaultnettypewor `define wait_state 3’b010 `undef wait_state `ifdef BEHAVIORAL y = x1 | x2; `else or ( y, x1, x2 ); `endif Compiler Directives ELEN 468 Lecture 7

9. Syntax ELEN 468 Lecture 7

10. BNF Formal Syntax Notation • BNF = Backus-Naur Form or Backus Normal Form • ::= definition of syntax • | alternative syntax • […] appear once or not at all • {…} appear any times, or not at all ELEN 468 Lecture 7

11. Example of Verilog Syntax source_text ::= { description } description ::= module_declaration | udp_declaration module_declaration ::= module_keyword module_identifier [list_of_ports]; { module_item } endmodule module_keyword ::= module | macromodule ELEN 468 Lecture 7

12. list_of_ports ::= ( port {, port} ) module_item ::= module_item_declaration | parameter_overwrite | continuous_assign | gate_instantiation | udp_instantiation | module_instantiation | specify_block | initial_construct | always_construct ELEN 468 Lecture 7

13. continuous_assign ::= assign [drive_strength] [delay3] list_of_net_assignments; drive_strength ::= ( strength0, strength1) delay3 ::= #delay_value | #(delay_value [, delay_value [, delay_value]] ) list_of_net_assignments ::= net_assignment {, net_assignment } net_assignment ::= net1_value = expression ELEN 468 Lecture 7

14. Behavioral Modeling I ELEN 468 Lecture 7

15. Structural vs. Behavioral Descriptions module my_module(…); … assign …; // continuous assignment and (…); // instantiation of primitive adder_16 M(…); // instantiation of module always @(…) begin … end initial begin … end endmodule Structural, no order Behavior, in order in each procedure ELEN 468 Lecture 7

16. Behavioral Procedural Behavioral Descriptions In General • Co-exists with gate instantiations • Not all descriptions synthesize • Not all synthesized descriptions are desirable • Non-structural behaviors • Continuous assignment • initial • always • Within a module • Multiple behaviors are allowed • Nested behaviors are not allowed ELEN 468 Lecture 7

17. initial | always single_statement; | begin block_of_statements; end initial Activated from tsim = 0 Executed once Initialize a simulation always Activated from tsim = 0 Executed cyclically Continue till simulation terminates Behavioral Statements ELEN 468 Lecture 7

18. Example of Behavioral Statement module clock1 ( clk ); parameter half_cycle = 50; parameter max_time = 1000; output clk; reg clk; initial clk = 0; always begin #half_cycle clk = ~clk; end initial #max_time $finish; endmodule clk 50 100 150 200 tsim ELEN 468 Lecture 7

19. Assignment • Continuous assignment • Values are assigned to net variables due to some input variable changes • “assign …=… “ • Procedural assignment • Values are assigned to register variables when certain statement is executed in a behavior • Procedural assignment, “=“ • Procedural continuous assignment, “assign …=… [deassign] “ • Non-blocking assignment, “<=“ ELEN 468 Lecture 7

20. initial begin a = 1; b = 0; a = b; // a = 0; b = a; // b = 0; end initial begin a = 1; b = 0; a <= b; // a = 0; b <= a; // b = 1; end Blocking assignment “=“ Statement order matters A statement has to be executed before next statement Non-blocking assignment “<=“ Concurrent assignment If there are multiple non-blocking assignments to same variable in same behavior, latter overwrites previous Blocking and Non-blocking Assignment ELEN 468 Lecture 7

21. Procedural Continuous Assignment • Continuous assignment establishes static binding for net variables • Procedural continuous assignment (PCA) establishes dynamic binding for variables • “assign … deassign” for register variables only • “force … release” for both register and net variables ELEN 468 Lecture 7

22. Binding takes effect when PCA statement is executed Can be overridden by another PCA statement “deassign” is optional “assign” takes control, “deassign” release control module flop ( q, qbar, preset, clear, clock, data ); … assign qbar = ~q; initial q = 0; always @ ( negedge clk ) q = data; always @ ( clear or preset ) begin if ( !preset ) assign q = 1; else if ( !clear ) assign q = 0; elsedeassign q; end endmodule “assign … deassign” PCA ELEN 468 Lecture 7

23. Example of assign module mux4_PCA(a, b, c, d, select, y_out); input a, b, c, d; input [1:0] select; output y_out; reg y_out; always @(select) begin if (select == 0) assign y_out=a; else if (select == 1) assign y_out=b; else if (select == 2) assign y_out=c; else if (select == 3) assign y_out=d; elseassign y_out=1’bx; end endmodule y_out changes with a; ELEN 468 Lecture 7

24. Alternative module mux4_PCA(a, b, c, d, select, y_out); input a, b, c, d; input [1:0] select; output y_out; reg y_out; always @(select or a or b or c or d) begin if (select == 0) y_out=a; else if (select == 1) y_out=b; else if (select == 2) y_out=c; else if (select == 3) y_out=d; else y_out=1’bx; end endmodule Value of ‘a’ is assigned to y_out at this time ELEN 468 Lecture 7

25. force sig1 = 0; force sig2 = 1; Sig3 = 0; #9 sig3 = 1; … release sig1; release sig2; Similar to “assign…deassign” Can be applied to net variables Often applied in testing modA sig1 sig2 modB sig3 “force … release” PCA ELEN 468 Lecture 7

26. Comparisons of Assignment ELEN 468 Lecture 7