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U.S. Foreign Policy Over Time

U.S. Foreign Policy Over Time. American Imperialism. U.S. Imperialism: HAWAII. 1820-1890: Americans moved in – missionaries & fruit plantation owners. 1891: Queen Liliuokalani came to power / tried to reduce US power in Hawaii. 1893: Americans overthrew her 1898: Hawaii annexed by US.

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U.S. Foreign Policy Over Time

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  1. U.S. Foreign Policy Over Time

  2. American Imperialism

  3. U.S. Imperialism: HAWAII 1820-1890: Americans moved in – missionaries & fruit plantation owners 1891: Queen Liliuokalani came to power / tried to reduce US power in Hawaii 1893: Americans overthrew her 1898: Hawaii annexed by US

  4. U.S. Imperialism: CHINA By 1890s: Euro powers carved China into “spheres of influence” Got exclusive trade rights to Chinese ports 1899: US declared “Open Door Policy” to allow free trade by any nation in any port

  5. U.S. Imperialism: CUBA 1895: Cuba dec independence from Spain To defeat revolution, Spain used brutal tactics (1st concentration camps / starvation) US newspapers sensationalized events in Cuba (“yellow journalism”) 1898: USS Maine sent – protect US interests in Cuba Mysteriously exploded, US declared war “Remember the Maine; to hell with Spain”

  6. Spanish-American War fought to liberate Cuba & the Philippines from Spanish control; War lasted only 113 days Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders

  7. As a result of the Spanish-American War, Cuba was liberated & the USA annexed the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico

  8. U.S. Imperialism: PUERTO RICO Puerto Rico still a U.S. territory

  9. U.S. Imperialism: PHILIPPINES 1898: Philippines annexed by US / not given independence Filipino-American War began Filipino-American War lasted 3 years Cost more $ & US lives than Span-Am War

  10. U.S. Imperialism: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: US has “police powers” to protect Latin America from European imperialism T Roosevelt – “Big Stick Diplomacy”: Active foreign policy w/a strong navy to accomplish goals

  11. U.S. Imperialism: PANAMA TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” for Panama Canal: Encouraged Panama to rebel from Colombia

  12. U.S. Imperialism: MEXICO US intervened in Mexican affairs when Huerta overthrew Diaz & again when Carranza overthrew Huerta Mexico & US almost went to war when Mexican rebel Pancho Villa killed 33 Americans

  13. US Becomes a World Power • Turn of century: US became world power: • US asserted dominance in Span-Am War • US built 3rd largest navy in the world • Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, PuertoRico,manyPacificislands • Asserted economic control over almost all of Latin America

  14. US Becomes a World Power “Big Stick Diplomacy” “Moral Diplomacy” • 1900-20(ProgressiveEra): • Developed aggressive foreign policy under Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson • Policies all worked for: •  US wealth •  military power •  prestige, esp in Latin America “Dollar Diplomacy”

  15. American Foreign Acquisitions, 1917

  16. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”

  17. TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” TR & Sec of State Elihu Root applied “big stick” diplomacy most effectively in Latin America • TR hoped to expand upon US’s world stature after Span-Am War: • Believed US Protestant culture superior / hoped to spread values • To  US econ & pol stature in world: US needs military strength & readiness “Speak softly & carry a big stick, you will go far” —TR’s favorite African proverb

  18. Top FP objective: Build Panama Canal & used “big stick” to get it: Colombia rejected US offer to lease land for canal TR supported Panama’s independence 1903: Panama independence & US signed lease for a canal TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” US paid $10 million for the canal & leased it for $250,000 per year Span-Am War revealed major flaw in USN: took too long to get Pacific fleet to Atlantic Facilitate world trade / allow USN to merge Atlantic & Pacific fleets quickly

  19. “The inevitable effect of our building the Canal must be to require us to police the surrounding premises” —Sec of State Elihu Root 1914: Canal opened /gave US huge econ advantage in Western Hemisphere

  20. The Roosevelt Corollary TR warned Euros to stay out AND warned Latin American nations to be more responsible OR US would intervene • One of TR’s greatest concerns: • Euro intervention in Latin America • 1903: Germany & England threatened to invade Venezuela to recoup unpaid debts • 1904: TR issued Roosevelt Corollaryto the Monroe Doctrine claiming special “police powers” in Western Hemisphere

  21. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904 Additionally, Lodge Corollary in 1912 denied foreign companies right to buy ports or establish military sites in Latin America

  22. Roosevelt Corollary justified armed intervention in Dominican Republic & Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, & Mexico Attempts to maintain order in Latin America led to US-friendly regimes acting as dictators

  23. Big Stick Diplomacy • TR’s FP extended to Asia as well: • 1905: Negotiated end to Russo-Japanese War (Nobel Peace Prize) • 1907: Gentlemen’s Agreement limited Japanese immigration • 1908: Root-Takahira Agreement protected Open Door Policy in China

  24. “Constable of the World”

  25. William Howard Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

  26. Taft and Dollar Diplomacy • Taft elected after TR / continued aggressive FP – “Dollar Diplomacy” • Use $$$ rather than military strength in foreign policy • Latin America: US banks assumed debts to Europe • Attempted to build RRs in China

  27. Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”

  28. Moral Diplomacy Apologized to Colombia for US support of the Panamanian revolt Wilson appointed pacifist WJ Bryan as Sec of State • Wilson knew domestic policy before becoming POTUS, not FP • Moral Diplomacy could bring peace & democracy w/o militarism & war • “Human rights” in Latin America, but defended Monroe Doctrine / intervened more than TR or Taft TR replied: “I didn’t steal the Panama Canal…I built it” “It would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs” —Wilson in 1912

  29. 1913: Mex Pres Madero overthrown by dictator Victoriano Huerta Moral Diplomacy in Mexico Wilson refused to recognize Huerta / demanded he step down so legitimate elections could be held for a new president Huerta refused Wilson sent military to occupy Veracruz – forced Huerta to flee to Europe Moral diplomacy seemed to fail War w/Mex seemed sure Then WWI started – forced US to change focus to Europe Mex rebel Pancho Villa tried to provoke war by raiding US for supporting his rival Carranza Wilson sent military to find Villa (unable to do so)

  30. Conclusions Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) & Farewell Address (1796) • After Span-Am War, US assumed aggressive FP: • Maintain order • Forestall foreign intervention • Protect U.S. economic interests • By WWI, US saw FP evolve from strict neutrality, to imperialist, to police officer Annexation of Alaska, Hawaii, & Philippines; Open Door policy in China “Big Stick,” “Dollar,” & “Moral” diplomacies

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