The Instructional Design Process

1. The Instructional Design Process Introduction

2. Learning & Instruction • Define learning • Development of new knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA) • Permanent change in behavior • Define instruction • Arrangement of the environment (media-presented information) to facilitate learning

3. Instructional Need • How do you know if you have one? • Performance need is gap between existing and desired behavior • Instructional need is a performance need that can be solved by instruction (rather than changes in resources, personnel, etc.)

4. Instructional design is... • The systematic process of translating principles of learning and instruction into specifications for instructional materials and activities -Smith & Ragan

5. What does a designer do? The primary role of the designer is to: • Decide what is important for students to learn. • Effectively arrange the learning environment (media) to maximize the probability of individual student learning (permanent changes in behavior).

6. Instructional Design is based on.. • General Systems Theory • A set of interrelated and acting parts that work together toward a common goal • Educational Psychology Theory • From Behaviorism to Constructivism • Communication Theory • Sender, receiver, feedback • Instructional Theory

7. What are the advantages of ID? • Focus on what learner will be able to do as a result of the instruction • Linkage between components • Empirical and replicable process • Produces consistent instruction • Facilitates effective assessment methods • Applicable across settings

8. ID History • The beginnings of the field of instructional design actually began during World War II when the U.S. military needed to rapidly prepare a large number of people for a wide variety of jobs.

9. Instructional must include assessment • Write performance objectives • Very specific and measureable • Develop assessment instruments • Emphasis on accurately measuring behaviors

10. Benjamin Bloom

11. Benjamin Bloom Original version Updated version

12. Benjamin Bloom The new terms are defined as: Remembering: Retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long-term memory. Understanding: Constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. Applying: Carrying out or using a procedure through executing, or implementing. Analyzing: Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how the parts relate to one another and to an overall structure or purpose through differentiating, organizing, and attributing. Evaluating: Making judgments based on criteria and standards through checking and critiquing. Creating: Putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure through generating, planning, or producing.

13. Components of Systems Approach • Conduct formative evaluation of instruction • One-to-one prototype testing • Small group evaluation • Field testing • Revise instruction • Data from formative evaluation used to assess whole process • Conduct summative evaluation

14. Or simply put... • Design • Develop • Evaluate • Sometimes called “Instructional Development”

15. Two Primary Models • ADDIE • Analyze - analyze learner characteristics, task to be learned, etc. • Design - develop learning objectives, choose an instructional approach • Develop - create instructional or training materials • Implement - deliver or distribute the instructional materials • Evaluate - make sure the materials achieved the desired goals

16. Two Primary Models • Dick and Carey (Systems Approach Model) • Identify Instructional Goal(s) • Conduct Instructional Analysis • Analyze Learners and Contexts • Write Performance Objectives • Develop Assessment Instruments • Develop Instructional Strategy • Develop and Select Instructional Materials • Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation of Instruction • Revise Instruction • Design and Conduct Summative Evaluation

17. Basic ID Model Dick & Carey, 1966 (Changed only slightly since 1966 – see page 1).

18. Basic ID Model Dick & Carey, 1978

19. ID Resources Dick, W. & Carey, L. (1996). The systematic design of instruction (4th ed.). New York: HarperCollins College Publishers. Smith, P. & Ragan, T. (1999). Instructional design (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. Gagne, R., Briggs, L., & Wager, W. (1992). Principles of instructional design (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Shambaugh, R., & Magliaro, S. (1997). Mastering the possibilities: A process approach to instructional design. Allyn & Bacon: Boston.