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Macromolecules

Macromolecules. Warm up What does your body do with the biomolecules that you eat?. Organic Compounds. Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic . Macromolecules are large organic molecules . Carbon (C). Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.

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Macromolecules

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  1. Macromolecules Warm up What does your body do with the biomolecules that you eat?

  2. Organic Compounds • Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. • Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

  3. Carbon (C) • Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. • Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). • Usually with C, H, O or N. • Example: CH4(methane)

  4. Macromolecules • Large organic molecules. • called POLYMERS. • Made up of smaller “building blocks” • called MONOMERS. • Examples: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

  5. Carbohydrates • #1 function of a carbohydrate is short term energy storage.

  6. Carbohydrates • Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. • Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen • 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O • Examples: monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide

  7. glucose Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose

  8. glucose glucose Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: • Sucrose (glucose+fructose) • Lactose (glucose+galactose) • Maltose (glucose+glucose)

  9. glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn)

  10. Lipids

  11. Lipids • General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. • Lipids have no charge • Examples: Fats Waxes Phospholipids Oils Steroid hormones Triglycerides

  12. Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

  13. O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = H H-C----O H-C----O H-C----O H O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH fatty acids = =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 glycerol Lipids Triglycerides:composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

  14. O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = saturated O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH = unsaturated =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)

  15. Proteins Amino acids(20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bondsforming polypeptide chains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

  16. Proteins (Polypeptides) Six functions of proteins: Storage - albumin like egg white Transport - hemoglobin Regulatory - hormones Movement - muscles Structural - membranes,hair,nails Enzymes - cellular reactions

  17. Amino Acids (aa) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds Primary Structure Amino acidsbonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)

  18. Enzyme a special kind of protein • Change the rate of a chemical reaction. • Are involved in nearly all metabolic processes. • Speed upthe reaction of digestion of food • Affect the assembly of molecules • Affect the storage and release of energy

  19. Lock & Key Action of Enzymes: Enzymes act on a specific substrate like sucrose Each substrate fits into an area of the enzyme called the active site – lock and key The products are released – bonds are broken The enzyme is released and can attach to other substrates

  20. Nucleic Acids Stores the cellular information of the organism in the form of a code

  21. Nucleic acids • Two types: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) • Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides Mrs. Johnson’s FAVORITE macromolecule!!

  22. Nucleic acids Nucleotides are made up of a Phosphate group, a Sugar,andthe Nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C),thymine (T) DNA only, uracil (U) RNA only, & guanine (G) RNA Nucleotidescontain thesugar ribose DNA Nucleotidescontain thesugar deoxyribose

  23. Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) C1 C4 Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 Nucleotide

  24. 5 O 3 3 O P P 5 5 C O G 1 3 2 4 4 2 1 3 5 O P P T A 3 5 O O 5 P P 3 DNA - double helix

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