Unit 3

1. Unit 3 Food as Wealth and Power

2. Unit 3 Vocab • Exotic • Agrarian • Sustainable • Breadwinner • Barter • Social Stratification • Resourceful

3. Cacao(The History of Chocolate)

4. Cacao(The History of Chocolate) • Earliest Cultivation was in Ancient Mexico and Central America. • Chocolate has had a long journey and is still treasured today. • Chocolate’s history was not as smooth and sweet as it tastes.

5. Cacao(The History of Chocolate) • In the past, chocolate represented a nourishing beverage and sacred liquid that was a status symbol of money and medicine. • Its importance far surpasses its status among even the most devoted modern “chocoholics.” • No one know for sure which Mesoamerican group came up with the use of the cacao seeds to make something edible • Mesoamerica: • Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and parts of El Salvador and Honduras

6. Cacao(The History of Chocolate) • The Mayan’s are the only ones that we have written history about. • The Aztec’s were shortly after. • Experts say it was the Olmec’s used chocolate first around 1000 BC • The Mayans made the cacao seeds into a chocolate beverage. • Cacao in Mayan means tree and chocolate.

7. Cacao(Chocolate and the Mayans) • The Mayans consumed chocolate by harvesting the seeds, or beans, from the cacao trees. They fermented, dried, and roasted them. Then, removed their shells and ground them into paste. • Then they used the cacao paste, water, cornmeal, chili peppers, and other spices to make a spicy bitter mixture. • Then they poured the mixture back and forth between two containers to create a frothy head on top. (Very popular)

8. Cacao(Chocolate and the Mayans) • This drink was savored after meals by the elite. • Commoners were also known to drink this drink on occasions. • Many artifacts have pictures/paintings of people sitting together drinking chocolate. • It was a social/religious treat. (Weddings and Baptisms) • The chocolate drink a religious ceremonies stood for blood and was considered “god food.” • The Mayans even had a god of cacao. • The Mayan’s even grew their own cacao trees in gardens.

9. Cacao(Chocolate and the Aztecs) • The Aztecs learned how to use chocolate from the Mayans. • Problem: They just migrated from western Mexico to arid central Mexico where the cacao tree would not grow.  • Aztec rulers started demanding cacao beans as tribute for the people they conquered. • The Aztecs even changed their trade routes to buy cacao beans.

10. Cacao(Chocolate and the Aztecs) • The Aztecs liked their chocolate drink cold instead of warm like the Mayans. • The Aztecs also used the chocolate drink as a religious and social treat. • To the Aztecs, cacao meant more then silver and gold. • In time, cacao became so highly prized that cacao beans were actually used as money buy to poor, while the rich still drank it as a social beverage.

11. Cacao(Chocolate and the Spanish) • The Spanish explorer: Christopher Columbus was the first Spaniard to come across the cacao bean. • This was during Columbus’ fourth and final voyage that he came across the beans while two Mayan’s were in canoes. • As their lovely habit, they captured one of the canoes to see what was of value. • Columbus saw the beans, but thought they were worthless. However, Ferdinand, his son, noticed that when these beans fell on the ground the Mayan’s scrambled to pick them up.

12. Cacao(Chocolate and the Spanish) • In 1519 Hernan Cortes landed in Yucatan Maya and like Columbus saw no value in these beans and thought that the drink of the natives was UNDRINKABLE… • However, Cortes observed that the whole town was consumed by this drink and decided to take over as ruler of the town and sweetened up the drink to the Spanish tastes. • The Spanish then called the word chocolate. • Chocol-hot(Yucatec), atl-water(Aztec) (Chocolatl) • Chocolate made it to Spain in 1544

13. Chocolate in Spain • Catholic priests in Spain would drink this drink during times of fasting. • Spain keep the cacao beans a secret from the rest of Europe • The secret was actually so well hidden that when English pirates boarded a Spanish treasure ship in 1579 they mistook the beans for dried sheep droppings and the pirates torched the ship! • They later found out that those beans would have paid their King’s ransom. • When Spain fell as world power (1700’s) other countries found out about the secret.

14. Chocolate’s Medicinal History • In Europe in the 1500’s chocolate was tested and prescribed for over 100 different medical uses: • Stimulating the nervous system • Improving digestion • Treating anemia, poor appetite, mental fatigue, fever, kidney stones, and tuberculosis. • Cacao was also used to treat burns, cuts, and skin irritations. • Chocolate arrived in Europe around the same time as coffee and tea and all seemed to have the same energizing effects, which made chocolate so popular.

15. Chocolate in America • The English took the excessive spices out of the Cacao drink and mixed only a little bit of chocolate and water or milk together to make the delicious drink. • This brought about chocolate houses, much like the coffee shops of today. • Chocolate at the time as primarily produced by Quakers. • Quakers added chocolate to baked goods.

16. Chocolate in America • Chocolate traveled with the Quakers and other colonists to the New World(America) in the mid 1700’s • The chocolate drink was still only a drink for the wealthy… • Once in America the drink became a bar and sweetened up.

17. Chocolate Candy • Cocoa was invented in Holland in 1828 by removing the cocoa fat from the cacao paste. This then produced cocoa butter which as sold to the wealthy. • Cocoa drink was then made by using what was left after the fat was removed. • The chocolate candy bar was made by adding back in cocoa butter, sugar and cocoa powder. Then placing it in a mold and letting it cool.

18. Early Spice Trade • Did you know that nutmeg was once worth more by weight than gold? That in the 16th century, London dockworkers were paid their bonuses in cloves? • That in 410 AD, when the Visigoths captured Rome, they demanded 3,000 pounds of peppercorns as ransom? • Back then, Spice trade was the world’s biggest industry: it established and destroyed empires, led to the discovery of new continents, and in many ways helped lay the foundation for the modern world.

19. Early Spice Trade • Spices, which today are inexpensive and widely available, were once very tightly guarded and generated immense wealth for those who controlled them. The spice trade began in the Middle East over 4,000 years ago. • Arabic spice merchants would create a sense of mystery by withholding the origins of their wares, and would ensure high prices by telling fantastic tales about fighting off fierce winged creatures to reach spices growing high on cliff walls.

20. Early Spice Trade • Spice trade was conducted mostly by camel caravans over land routes. • The Silk Road was an important route connecting Asia with the Mediterranean world, including North Africa and Europe. • Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations of China, India, Egypt, Persia, Arabia, and Rome.

21. Early Spice Trade • Roman soldiers of the time were frequently paid in salt, a practice that led to the word “salary” and the phrase “worth his salt.” • Over time countless groups battled for control of the spice trade. • In the mid-13th century, Venice emerged as the primary trade port for spices bound for western and northern Europe. • Venice became extremely wealthy by charging huge tariffs, and without direct access to Middle Eastern sources, the European people could do little else but pay the high prices they were charged. • Even the wealthy had trouble paying for spices, and eventually they decided to do something about it.

22. Early Spice Trade • In order to end the power in Venice Europe sent off explorers. • When Christopher Columbus set out in search of India, he found America instead, and brought back to Spain the fruits and vegetables he found, including chiles (he called them “peppers”) • This was perhaps to soothe his disappointment at not finding peppercorns, and the term “chile pepper” persists to this day).

23. Early Spice Trade • The first country, Portugal, in 1497, successfully circumnavigated Africa • They used four vessels under the command of Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, eventually sailing across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, India. • This success marked the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. • Spanish, English and Dutch expeditions soon followed, and the growing competition sparked bloody conflicts over control of the spice trade.

24. Early Spice Trade • As the middle class grew during the Renaissance, the popularity of spices rose. • Wars over the Indonesian Spice Islands broke out between expanding European nations and continued for about 200 years, between the 15th and 17th centuries.

25. Early Spice Trade • The United States began its entry into the world spice industry in the 18th century, when American businessmen began their own spice companies and started dealing directly with Asian growers rather than the established European companies. • When people started getting rich, more and more companies formed and soon there were hundreds of American ships making around-the-world voyages for spices. • Americans made new contributions to the spice world, notably the creation of chili powder by Texas settlers as an easier way to make Mexican dishes and the development of techniques for dehydrating onions and garlic.

26. Early Spice Trade • As spices became more common, their value began to fall. • The trade routes were wide open, people had figured out how to transplant spice plants to other parts of the world, and the wealthy monopolies began to crumble. • Pepper and cinnamon are no longer luxuries for most of us, and spices have lost the status and allure that once placed them alongside jewels and precious metals as the world’s most valuable items. • http://www.silkroadspices.ca/history-of-spice-trade

27. Identifying the Spice Lab! • Title your page with the title of the slide. Then number one to 30. • You will have 4 baggies on your table. Each baggie will have a number on it. • It is your job to try and guess the spices that you have from the list of spices. (On the next slide) • Once you have guessed your spices we will rotate to the next table.

28. Identifying the Spice Lab!(Spices word bank) • Sesame seeds • Yellow mustard seeds • Poppy seeds • Cloves • Lemon Peel • Parsley flakes • Cilantro • Basil • Oregano • Salt • Black Pepper • Cinnamon • Paprika • Cocoa Powder • Allspice • Garlic Powder • Ground Nutmeg • Onion Salt • Mint Flakes • Chili Powder • Vanilla Beans • Curry Powder • Cumin • Rosemary • Thyme • Cream of Tartar • Ginger • Brown Sugar • Sugar • Sage • Crushed red pepper

29. Identifying the Spice Lab!(Answer Key!) 17. Onion salt 18. Oregano 19.Mint flakes 20. Sesame seeds 21.Yellow mustard seeds 22. Poppy Seeds 23. Rosemary leaves 24. Cloves 25. Paprika 26.Thyme 27. Basil 28.Lemon Peel 29. Parsley flakes 30. Cilantro Cream of tartar Ginger Vanilla bean Salt Black pepper Brown sugar Sugar Cocoa Powder Sage Crushed red pepper Allspice Curry Powder Garlic Powder Ground Nutmeg Cumin Cinnamon

30. Find the Origin of your Spice! • Once you find the origin of your spice using your phone or the computer please go write it on the map!

31. Celebrations of Food • Christmas • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAax91fGWWk • Top ten Christmas commercials • Mince pies and Fruit cake are British traditions. • Australia- seafood rather than roasted meats and ham due to the warm weather. • France - black and white pudding, which is sausage containing blood • French Canada - desserts like doughnuts and sugar pie • Germany - gingerbread biscuits and chocolates • Nicaragua - chicken with a stuffing made from a range of fruits and vegetables including tomato, onion and papaya • Russia - a feast of 12 different dishes

32. Celebrations of Food • New Year • Greece - a special sweet pasty baked with a coin inside it • Japan - up to 20 dishes cooked and prepared one week earlier. Each food represents a New Year’s wish; for example, seaweed asks for happiness in the year ahead • Scotland - haggis (sheep’s stomach stuffed with oatmeal and offal), gingerbread biscuits and scones • Spain - 12 grapes, meant to be put into the mouth one at a time at each chime of the clock at midnight.

33. Celebrations of Food • In many Asian countries, the New Year doesn’t start on January 1, but with the first full moon in the first Chinese lunar month. • China - fish, chestnuts and fried foods • Korea - dumpling soup • Vietnam - meat-filled rice cakes and shark fin soup.

34. Celebrations of Food • Weddings-they all share common ground • China - roast suckling pig, fish, pigeon, chicken, lobster and a type of bun stuffed with lotus seeds are commonly served. • Indonesia - foods served depend on the region and religion, but could include spicy rice dishes like nasi goreng, dim sum, sushi or beef wellington. • Italy - food is a very important part of an Italian wedding. Bow tie-shaped twists of fried dough, sprinkled in sugar, represent good luck. • Korea- noodles are served, because they represent longevity. • Norway- the traditional wedding cake is made from bread topped with cream, cheese and syrup.

35. Celebrations of Food • Birthdays • The custom of the birthday party originated in medieval Europe, when it was supposed that people were vulnerable to evil spirits on their birthdays. Friends, family members, festivities and presents were thought to ward off the spirits. • Australia - birthdays are often celebrated by sharing a decorated birthday cake with lit candles, which the person celebrating the birthday blows out while making a wish. • England - a cake may be baked containing symbolic objects that foretell the future. If your piece of cake has a coin, for example, you will one day be wealthy. • Ghana - the child’s birthday breakfast is a fried patty made from mashed sweet potato and eggs. • Korea - for their first birthday, the child is dressed and sat before a range of objects including fruit, rice, calligraphy brushes and money. Mexico – a piñata is filled with lollies and other treats. The blindfolded child hits at the piñata until it breaks. • Western Russia- the birthday boy or girl is given a fruit pie instead of a cake.

36. Celebrations of Food Halloween Ireland- Barnbrack (a type of fruitcake) Austria- Bread, water and lamp for the souls to come eat Canada- Jack-O’Lanterns and trick-or-treating China- Food and water is placed in front of photographs of lost loved ones and lanterns are lit in order to light paths for their spirits. England- While the Irish and Scots preferred turnips, English children made "punkies" out of large beets (which they call beetroots), upon which they carved a design of their choice. Then, they would carry their "punkies" through the streets while singing the "Punkie Night Song" as they knocked on doors and asked for money. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wc2TyL5VzgY Snickers Commerical

37. Celebrations of Food • http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Food_and_celebrations • Thanksgiving article for each group to read about and discuss with the class.(5 minutes to read it aloud together)http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/11/27/mf.thanksgiving.food.reasons/

38. The Quick 10:10 Thanksgiving Traditions • 1. The Turkey Trot Footrace • 2. The Great Gobbler Gallop in Cuero, TX • 3. Franksgiving • 4. The Presidential Turkey Pardon • 5. Macy’s Parade(America’s Hometown Thanksgiving Parade in Plymouth) • 6. Black Friday • 7. Cyber Monday • 8. Buy Nothing Day • 9. Football • 10. The National Dog Show • http://mentalfloss.com/article/20191/quick-10-10-thanksgiving-traditions

39. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aVV9NTQcr8 • McCormick Commerical • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVLOydduvqg • Salt and Pepper Commerical

40. Thanksgiving • Once you have finished reading the article pick up a sheet of paper and write a 1 page response: • What are your family’s traditions during this holiday and how does it relate to the past? • (From what you read and your notes) • If you do not celebrate Thanksgiving, tell me what holiday your family celebrates and the traditions you have during that holiday. • Turn in to the correct block box when your done and and then write down which holiday you enjoy celebrating the most or which holiday from another country you would enjoy celebrating and why in your INB.(Talking is not an option as others will be still working on the assignment) You can work on homework when you finish. • We will discuss what we wrote after the assignments are in.

41. Distribution of wealth in a social community

42. Social Stratification • Social Stratification: • The condition of being arranged in strata or classes within a group • The division of a society into layers or strata whose occupants have unequal access to social opportunities and rewards. • This is produced by the disproportionate distribution of wealth in a society. • In our complex society, some social stratification structures are present. • Example: people can be ranked on age, race, gender, and ethnicity. • Other rankings are based on economic factors (usually defined as social class), prestige and power.

43. Social Stratification • People in the top strata enjoy power, prosperity, and prestige that are not available to other members of society. • The adoption of agriculture lead to social stratification • This was subtle at first but then increasingly pronounced. • The social mechanisms that discourage the pursuit of wealth and status was not longer around. • Once people settled they social differentiation began to occur. • P.39-41

44. Social Stratification • Social Stratification in the USA is ranked more so on age and gender. • We do have strata's(layers)based on our distribution of wealth to the varying classes, however each person has an opportunity to move strata's. • The opportunities are endless, not limited. • This applies to food as it is needed for your survival and your strata either helped or hurt you in achieving this. • Depending on your social strata you either enjoyed food as a luxury and or as a business or you helped provide food for the people in higher classes.

45. “Breadwinner” • Breadwinner: • Defined as a person(usually male) who earns money to support a family. • The first known use of this word was in 1771 or more commonly 1818 when it was used to refer to the "skill or art by which one makes a living.” • A compound word, the bread in "breadwinner" refers to the food that was a staple for many households throughout history and for the overall general referential term for food, and winner is what you all know it as. • The breadwinner was the person who was able to "win" the most "bread" for the family, most likely the one who had the highest paying job. It's a term that many still use today!

46. “Breadwinner” • Breadwinner: • Defined as a person who earns money to support a family. • Write a paragraph about who is “breadwinner” in your family and why they have that role. • Discuss it with your table group when your finished.

47. The rise of warfare(Turf wars to maintain power) • Limiting factors that contributed to these wars: • Water rights • Availability of arable land • Access to ports for trade • Climate changes due to pollution. • Resources (phosphorus, salt) • Salt- really important spice, wars were won/lost based on the ability to acquire salt (for preservation of food for the armies) • Phosphorus (Article)-make abstract object • Annotate the article • Discussion and make a representation about how this problem is a global threat to our food production.(sheet of paper)

48. ~Phosphorus (Article)-make abstract object~Annotate the article

49. The Fuel of War • “Food-more savage than the sword” • “The fate of Europe and all further calculations depends p the question of food. If only I have bread, it will be child’s play to beat the Russians.”Napoleon Bonaparte • P.145 • The control over food supply is the most effective weapon of warfare. • Food’s power as a weapon has been acknowledged since ancient times. • Food was the fuel for armies long marches. • The lack of food or it’s denial by the enemy, would lead to a swift defeat.