Changes in the Medieval Ages

1. Changes in the Medieval Ages Ch. 14, Sec. 2 Pgs. 387-392

2. What do we get from this time? • Guilds aka Unions • Banks • Insurance • Exchange systems • CREDIT!

3. Growing food supply • Warmer climate = more places to farm = more ppl • Better harness 4 horse = Switch to horses instead of oxen = more farming • 3 field system: used 2/3rds of land instead of 1/2 • Food production increased • Well-fed ppl: children resist disease & lived longer • European pop. GREW!

4. Guilds (NC) • Who: skilled craftsmen • What:organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic & social conditions of its members • Where: Europe • When: 1100s • Why: these set standards for quality of work, wages, & working conditions; provided security-- these were the first Workers’ Unions

5. Commercial Revolution • Who: • What: more trade goods & new ways of doing business led to a time of expansion of trade & business • Where: Europe • When: • Why: (next slide)

6. Why is the C.R. imp? • Self-sufficient manor = Local markets now • More trade = trade routes across Europe & to Asia - Foreign goods became popular • Bills of exchange = exchange coin systems • Letters of Credit = Credit cards? • Banking • Towns = Cities • Serfs = city workers

7. Move to the cities! • Population grew = trade boomed • = Move from villages to cities!! • BUT: • No sewer • Never bathed, lacked fresh air/ clean H2O • Serfs ran away to work in cities

8. Revival of Learning • Crusades = contact w. Byzantine & Muslims (who’ve been learning all this time) • = Europeans wanna learn now! • = superior technology (ships, navigation, weapons) from Muslims! • = Universities!! = Literature!! … such as…

9. Masterpieces that are still read today: • The Divine Comedy • The Canterbury Tales • The Book of the City of Ladies

10. Thomas Aquinas • Who: Catholic scholar and philosopher • What: a scholar that argued the most basic religious truths can be proved by logical argument. • Where: Europe • When: mid-1200s • Why: wrote “Summa Theologicae” about religious truths;

11. England & France Develop CH. 14, Sec 3 Pgs. 393- 397

12. First off- you need to know the meaning of: • Central Gov’t: a guy at the top of the gov’t in charge, has more power than those below him in the bureaucracy • Ex.: What we’re going to start talking about until NOW.. The USA is an example.. • De-centralized gov’t: local leaders have more power.. This would be like if the governor of Florida had more power than the President.. • Ex.: Feudalism- all the local Nobles had power, the Kings were weak

13. What do we get from this time? • Jury trials • Common Law • Legal rights

14. Background.. • Before: Weak central gov’t, Feudalism, no trade, backwardness • Now: Stronger central gov’ts, Feudalism going away, BOOMING trade, forwardness • 1st strong central gov’ts: England & France

15. England • Many Ppl invaded trying to take over • One last invasion: • William the Conqueror, The Duke of Normandy (from Normans) [NC] • Battle of Hastings - SUPER IMPORTANT!!! : William won, took over, declared England his personal property • = unified control of England & LAID FOUNDATIONS FOR CENTRAL GOV’T!!

16. After William… • Henry II gained a lot of land in France for England = more power • He strengthened the courts of Justice: • Collected taxes • Settled lawsuits • Punished crimes • STARTED the Jury! 12 people/neighbours who judged crimes

17. So… In England they start laying the foundations for a central gov’t- (one guy at the top and everyone else below him).. The next few things are how they do it…

18. 1. Common Law (NC) • Who: English • What: unified body of law created in England to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, & punished crimes. • Where: England • When: started in 1100s • Why: the principles of English Common Law are the basis for law in many English-speaking countries - aka US!

19. 2. The Magna Carta (NC) • Who: King John & his nobles • What: King John overtaxed his nobles, they got upset & revolted forcing him to sign this • When: 1215 • Where: England • Why: the most celebrated document of English History - limits power of the king & guarantees basic political rights: no taxation w.o representation, & jury trial ; one of the cornerstones of democratic gov’t; the guaranteed rights are part of modern liberties & justice

20. 3. Parliament (NC) • Who: King Edward I created it; English • What: legislative group that consists of 2 groups: nobles (House of Lords) & commoners (House of Commons) that help to make decisions for the country • Where: England • When: 1295 -present • Why: laid the groundwork for the gov’t today, put a check on the Royal power- so it didn’t get too powerful/abusive

21. … and then there’s…. FRANCE!!

22. Capetian Dynasty • Hugh Capet- Duke, started dynasty after Carolingians died out • Hugh and his successors- WEAK! • BUT… gradually gained more and more land = eventually POWERFUL!! • … and this is how…

23. Philip II • Goal: Weaken the English Kings • Took Normandy from England - TRIPLED the French lands!!! = POWERFUL! 2) Strengthened Central gov’t: - Est. Royal officials to go around to the districts/areas of France to preside over the courts & get taxes for the King

24. French Gov’t… • Louis IX (9th): gov’t became STRONGER! • Created a French Appeals court- could overturn decisions of local courts! • = Monarchy/king more powerful • = Feudal lords weaker!! • … their example of Rights for the People… ---> (next slide)

25. Estates-General (NC) • Who: Philip IV started it, French people • What: group that met to help the French King approve policies: 1st Estate(group) - Clergy; 2nd Estate: Nobles; 3rd Estate- Commoners • Where: France • When: 1302- • Why: like Parliament in England- increased royal power agsnt. Nobles, didn’t limit Royal power like Parliament did tho; KEY role in starting the French Revolution later on in the 1700s