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The 1830 Revolutions. France: The “Restoration” Era (1815-1830). France emerged from the chaos of its revolutionary period as the most liberal large state in Europe. Louis XVIII governed France as a Constitutional monarch.
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France: The “Restoration” Era (1815-1830) • France emerged from the chaos of its revolutionary period as the most liberal large state in Europe. • Louis XVIII governed France as a Constitutional monarch. • He agreed to observe the 1814 “Charter” or Constitution of the Restoration period. • Limited royal power. • Granted legislative power. • Protected civil rights. • Upheld the Napoleon Code. Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
The “Ultras” • France was divided by those who had accepted the ideals of the Fr. Revolution and those who didn’t. • The Count of Artois was the leader of the “Ultra-Royalists” • 1815 “White Terror” • Royalist mobs killed 1000s of former revolutionaries. • 1816 elections • The Ultras were rejected in the Chamber of Deputies election in favor of a moderate royalist majority dependent on middle class support. The Count of Artois, the future King Charles X (r. 1824-1830)
France: Conservative Backlash • 1820the Duke of Berri, son of Artois, was murdered. • Royalists blamed the left. • Louis XVIII moved the govt. more to the right • Changes in electoral laws narrowed the eligible voters. • Censorship was imposed. • Liberals were driven out of legal political life and into illegal activities. • 1823 triumph of reactionary forces! • Fr troops were authorized by the Concert of Europe to crush the Spanish Revolution and restore another Bourbon ruler, Ferdinand VII, to the throne there.
King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830) • His Goals: • Lessen the influence of the middle class. • Limit the right to vote. • Put the clergy back in charge of education. • Public money used to pay nobles for the loss of their lands during the Fr Revolution. • His Program: • Attack the 1814 Charter. • Control the press. • Dismiss the Chamber of Deputies when it turned against him. • Appointed an ultra-reactionary as his first minister. • Limited royal power. • Granted
King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830) • 1830 Election brought in another liberal majority. • July Ordinances • He dissolved the entire parliament. • Strict censorship imposed. • Changed the voting laws so that the government in the future could be assured of a conservative victory.
To the Barracades Revolution, Again!! Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!
Louis Philippe The “Citizen King” • The Duke of Orleans. • Relative of the Bourbons, but had stayed clear of the Ultras. • Lead a thoroughly bourgeois life. • His Program: • Property qualifications reduced enough to double eligible voters. • Press censorship abolished. • The King ruled by the will of the people, not by the will of God. • The Fr Revolution’s tricolor replaced the Bourbon flag. • The government was now under the control of the wealthy middle class. (r. 1830-1848)
Louis Philippe The “Citizen King” • His government ignored the needs and demands of the workers in the cities. • They were seen as another nuisance and source of possible disorder. • July, 1832 an uprising in Paris was put down by force and 800 were killed or wounded. • 1834 Silk workers strike in Lyon was crushed. • Seething underclass. • Was seen as a violation of the status quo set down at the Congress of Vienna. A caricature ofLouis Philippe
Belgian Independence, 1830 • The first to follow the lead of France. • Its union with Holland after the Congress of Vienna had not proved successful. • There had been very little popular agitation for Belgian nationalism before 1830 seldom had nationalism arisen so suddenly. • Wide cultural differences: • North Dutch Protestant seafarers and traders. • South French Catholic farmers and individual workers.
A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830 • The bloodiest struggle of the 1830 revolutions. • The Poles in and around Warsaw gain a special status by the Congress of Vienna within the Russian Empire. • Their own constitution. • Local autonomy granted in 1818. • After Tsar Alexander I dies, the Poles became restless under the tyrannical rule of Tsar Nicholas I. • Polish intellectuals were deeply influenced by Romanticism. • Rumors reached Poland that Nicholas I was planning to use Polish troops to put down the revolutions in France and Belgium. • Several Polish secret societies rebelled.
A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830 • Had the Poles been united, thisrevolt might have been successful. • But, the revolutionaries were split into moderates and radicals. • The Poles had hoped that Fr & Eng would come to their aid, but they didn’t. • Even so, it took the Russian army a year to suppress this rebellion. • The irony by drawing the Russian army to Warsaw for almost a year, the Poles may well have kept Nicholas I from answering Holland’s call for help in suppressing the Belgian Revolt.
The Results of the 1820s-1830 Revolutions? • The Concert of Europe provided for a recovery of Europe after the long years of Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. • The conservatives did NOT reverse ALL of the reforms put in place by the French Revolution. • Liberalism would challenge the conservative plan for European peace and law and order. • These revolutions were successful only in W. Europe: • Their success was in their popular support. • Middle class lead, aided by the urban lower classes. • The successful revolutions had benefited the middle class the workers, who had done so much of the rioting and fighting, were left with empty hands! • Therefore, these revolutions left much unfinished & a seething, unsatisfied working class.
Typical Political Revolution (TPR) • The Middle Class allies with the Working Class to revolt against the ruling conservative class. • Initially the Middle and Working Classes succeed, but then because of their basic differences the alliance falls apart and the conservative forces reassert themselves. • Middle Class tends to be liberal, while the working classes tend to be more radical.
Revolution in France 1848 • “the July monarchy in France was a platform of boards built over a volcano. Under it burned the repressed fires of republicanism put down in 1830, which since 1830 had become steadily more socialistic” • Radicals wanted universal suffrage and a republic, but liberals asked only for broader voting rights within the existing constitutional Monarchy • Louis Phillipe and his Prime Minister refused any change. Stupid move. What should they have done?
February revolution in France 1848 • Banquet in Paris planned for Feb. 22 • On February 21 the gov’t forbade such meetings-that night barricades went up throughout the city • Gov’t called the national guard-refused to move-King now promised electoral reform-too late. • Demonstration at Guizot’s house-20 killed • February 24 Louis Philippe abdicates to…England • That leaves us with the liberal reformers and the radical republicans-now it gets interesting.
The February Revolution • Working class & liberalsunhappy with King Louis Philippe, esp. with his minister, Francois Guizot[who opposed electoral reform]. • Reform Banquets used to protest against the King. • Paris Banquet banned. • Troops open fire on peaceful protestors. • Barricades erected; looting. • National Guard [politically disenfranchised] defects to the radicals. • King Louis Philippe loses control of Paris and abdicates on February 24.
Creation of provisional government • Const. Reformers hoped to carry on with the son of Louis Phillipe • Republicans stormed the Chamber of Deputies and proclaimed a republic-no whiff of grapeshot this time. • Provisional government: • 7 political republicans-Lamartine • 3 social republicans- Louis Blanc • Blanc was interested in creating social workshops • Instead he got national workshops • By June there were 200,000 idle men in a city of 1 million
Election of Constituent Assembly • Elected in April 1848 by Universal Male suffrage across all of France • Immediately replaced provisional gov’t with temporary executive board of its own • This new exec board contained NO socialists
Alphonse Lamartine • A poet & liberal, he believed in the “Rights of Man.” • To vote, to free speech, to property, & to a secular education. • Declared a new Provisional Government. • Conservatives & liberals are suspicious of republicanism • Reminiscent of the Reign of Terror.
Louis Blanc • A Social Democrat. • He believed in the “Right to Work.” • National Workshops. • Provide work for the unemployed. • Financial Crisis • Flight of capital. • Stock market crashes [55% decline]. • New 45% increase of taxes on the peasants.
April Elections • Resulted in a conservative majority in the National Assembly. • They began debating the fate of social programs [like the National Workshops]. • The conservative majority wanted the removal of radicals like Blanc from the government. • In early June, the National Workshops were shut down. • This heightened class tensions!
The “June Days” • Worker groups in Paris rose up in insurrection. • They said that the government had betrayed the revolution. • Workers wanted a redistribution of wealth. • Barricades in the streets. • Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables was based on this event. • A new liberal-conservative coalition formed to oppose this lower class radicalism.
“June Days” of 1848 • One side: nationally elected constituent assembly • Other side: National workshops • NW unsuccessfully attacked the CA • CA declared martial law giving all power to General Cavaignac (the butcher) • The bloody June days followed June 24-26 • Class war raged in Paris-CA won
The 2nd French Republic (1848-1852) • General Louis Cavaignac assumed dictatorial powers & crushed the revolt. • 10,000 dead. • A victory for conservatives. • Nov., 1848 a new constitution provided for: • An elected President. • A one-house legislature. The RepublicbyJean-Leon Gerome
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte • After the June Days the CA sought to create a republican constitution and elect a new President • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won in a landslide. • Defeated Lamartine, Blanc, Cavignac
President Louis Napoleon • The December election: • The “law and order” candidate,Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,defeated Cavaignac. • This was a big shift in middleclass opinion to the right! • The New President: • Purged the govt. of all radical officials. • Replaced them with ultra-conservative and monarchists. • Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections. • Represented himself as a “Man of the People.” • His government regularly used forced against dissenters.
Revolution in Austria 1848 • Began in Hungary • Louis Kossuth-Demanded national autonomy from Austrian Empire, full civil liberties and universal male suffrage • Austrian gov’t hesitated • Viennese students and workers took to streets-added own demands • Aust. Emp. Ferdinand I gave in-promised reforms and a liberal constitution • Metternich fled to London
Weaknesses in Austrian revolutionary coalition • Peasants, who made up most of the army, were satisfied by the Gov’ts aboliton of serfdom • Hungarian revolutionaries wanted to unify the diverse groups in Hungary-opposed by minority groups-croats, serbs, rumanians-soon were locked in armed combat with the new Hungarian government • Middle class wanted liberal reform • Urban poor rose in arms-wanted socialist workshops, universal voting rights • MC and UP soon were opposing eachother
Reassertion of Conservative forces • Ferdinand I abdicates in his place his nephew Francis Joseph • Windishgratz-smashed Czechoslovakia • Austria defeats revolutionaries in Italy • Army (peasants) attacked student workers in Vienna • Hungary brought back after Russia went in with 130,000 troops • The attempts to liberalize and break up the Austrian empire were unsuccessful.
Ferdinand I (1793-1875) • The nature of the AustrianEmpire: • Very conservative monarchy[liberal institutions didn’texist]. • Culturally and racially heterogeneous. • Social reliance on serfdomdooms masses of people to a life without hope. • Corrupt and inefficient. • Competition with an increasingly powerful Prussia. Therefore, the Empire was vulnerable to revolutionary challenges.
Vienna, 1848: The Liberal Revolution • The “February Revolution” in France triggered a rebellion for liberal reforms. • March 13 rioting broke out in Vienna. • The Austrian Empire collapsed. • Metternich fled. • Constituent Assembly met. • Serfdom [robot] abolished. • The revolution began to wane. • The revolutionary government failed to govern effectively.
Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894) • Hungarian revolutionary leader. • March laws provided for Hungarian independence. • Austrians invade. • Hungarian armies drove within sight of Vienna! • Slavic minorities resisted Magyar invasion & the Hungarian army withdrew. • Austrian & Russian armies defeated the Hungarian army. • Hungary would have to wait until 1866 for autonomy.
Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) • He raised an army of 400,000 in response to a request from Franz Joseph. • 140,000 put down the Hungarian revolt.
Revolution in Prussia 1848 • Prussia’s middle class wanted a liberal constitutional monarchy that would unite Germany into a united and liberal German nation. • Prussian middle class pushed demands after the French rev of 1848 • Demands not granted • Workers in Berlin exploded • Frederick William IV gave in to demands • FWIV promised Prussia liberal const. + merge into German state • Workers wanted more
The Germans Follow the French • After the February French revolutions, there were many riots in minor German states. • Austria and Prussia expected to intervene to crush these revolts, BUT: • Vienna Revolution led to the fall of Metternich. • Berlin riots • Prussian army efficiently suppressed the revolutionaries. • King Frederick William IV withdraws the troops and hand the Prussia liberals a big victory! • Other Princedoms collapse when Prussia’s nerve fails.
Prussian workers demands • March 26 workers issued a series of radical demands: universal voting rights, minimum wage, 10 hour day • The Prussian middle class could not go along with it • While the tensions in Prussia escalated , an elected body met in Berlin to write a constitution for a Prussian State
Frankfurt Assembly • Self appointed from various German States successfully called for a national constituent assembly to begin writing a Const. For a unified German State • Denmark distraction: Schleswig/Holstein • March 1849, Frankfurt assembly finally offered throne to FWIV • By early 1849 reaction had been successful in Prussia • FWIV refused the Frankfurt assemblies “crown from the gutter”
