Chapter 10: Late Middle Ages: Crisis &Renewal

1. Chapter 10: Late Middle Ages: Crisis &Renewal 1. CONTRACTION & CONFRONTATION A. Starvation and the Black Death starvation-for lack of farming land to meet the growing population, as forests and marshland were exploited; severe food shortagescaused byrains that ruined, sickening people to death.Black Death-1348-1359 from Italy; Already weakened by continued food shortages, the people of Europe suffered the Black Death.

2. Effects of the Black Death The Black Death, an epidemic of plague in Europe that lasted from 1347 to 1351, resulted in the deaths of almost one-quarter of Europe’s population. The Black Death was the first in a cycle of plagues in Europe that continued into the 18th century. Shown here, the French city of Marseille is devastated by a later outbreak of plague.

3. After the Black Death, Wat Tyler led a rebellion of peasants against King Richard II of England in 1381, who went back on his word and had many of the peasants executed. Here, Tyler is about to be slain by William Walworth, the mayor of London, while Richard II watches.

4. 1. CONTRACTION & CONFRONTATION B. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) French attempt to extend influence in English territories led to clashes. When King of France confiscated the last bit of territory that Edward, King of England held on the continent, Edward declared himself the true French king and war on French soil that featuredhired troops, guns replacing chivalry & knightly warfare, defeat of England, and rise of French national feeling.

5. Edward III In 1338 Edward III, king of England and son of Isabella of France, declared himself king of France, instigating the Hundred Years’ War between England and France. This painting shows Edward, seated, wearing a robe decorated with English and French emblems.

6. Joan of Arc At the age of 13, Joan of Arc convinced Charles, the heir to the French throne, that God had sent her to save France during the Hundred Years’ War with England. She led the French to several military victories over the English in 1429. Joan of Arc was captured by the English and burned at the stake in 1431.

7. 1. CONTRACTION & CONFRONTATION C. The Decline of the Papacy (1302-) The papacy became more and more involved in a power rivalry with kings.French king backed by representative institution forced the Pope to give up control of civil affairs, move to France. The following popes were Frenchmen. People began to think that the papacy was subordinate to France. Popes’ prestige fell as a result & the papacy was never able to recover fully.

8. Philip IV (of France) Philip IV, king of France, is known for his struggle with the Roman Catholic church that first arose from his attempt to tax the clergy. After Pope Boniface VIII issued a statement declaring papal supremacy in 1302, Philip had him imprisoned. In 1305 Philip secured the election of one of his adherents as Pope Clement V, who moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon, France, in 1309 and came under Philip’s control.

9. Papal Palace, Avignon, France In 1305, through the influence of Philip IV, king of France, the papal court was moved from Rome to Avignon. This period when the popes were dominated by the French monarchs has become known as the Babylonian Captivity. The papal palace today remains a symbol of this period of exile.

10. 1. CONTRACTION & CONFRONTATION C. The Decline of the Papacy C1.The Great Schism In 1378 there came two popes, one in Avignon and the other in Rome. This scandal, called the Great Schism of rival popes, was made worse when a third pope was chosen in 1409. Finally the schism ended in 1417 when the Council of Constance deposed all three popes, and elected Martin V, who made Rome his headquarters.

11. 1. CONTRACTION & CONFRONTATION C. The Decline of the Papacy C2.Growing Discontent Some people, like Wycliffe, were discontented with the papacy, the church & its teachings as a whole. His idea of salvation through study of the Bible, not through rituals of priests became popular, also in famine-&-plague hit Bohemia. Led by religious reformer Jan Hus (John Huss), the Bohemians revolted against the church,

12. John Wycliffe Trained in the scholasticism of the medieval Roman Catholic church, 14th-century theologian John Wycliffe became disillusioned with ecclesiastical abuses. He challenged the church’s spiritual authority and sponsored the translation of the Christian Scriptures into English. Here, Wycliffe is pictured reading his translation of the Bible to English nobleman John of Gaunt, far right. Wycliffe’s writings later inspired leaders of the Protestant Reformation such as John Huss and Martin Luther.

13. Execution of Jan Hus The execution of Jan Hus (John Huss) by burning at the stake during the council of Constance in 1415 triggered a dispute that would embroil Bohemia in war for the next 15 years. Although no major issues were settled in the conflict, the people of Bohemia emerged from the ordeal with a solid sense of national identity.

14. 2. ORIGINS OF THE RENAISSANCE When enduring famine, plague, war, & dissent in religion, Europe was undergoing a new birth of Latin & vernacular literature. The mid-1300 Italian poet Petrarch imitated the great ancient Latin authors, absorbed the ideas of the ancient Romans and made them his own. Renaissance artists built on the naturalistic style of Giotto, a famous Florentine painter, emphasizing human interaction and individual emotion.

15. Petrarch, who perfected the sonnet form, often viewed as the first modern poet, was also one of the first humanists. His love of the classics and his belief in the value of human experience influenced his own writing and inspired other humanists.

16. Italian painter Giotto moved away from the traditional medieval technique of portray-ing the human figure as a stiff, flat, two-dimensional character to one of portraying the human figure as a rounded, proportioned, and naturalistic image. His work influenced the development of Renaissance art more than a century after his death in Florence.

17. 3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MIDDLE AGES Seeds of Today a. universities; liberal arts; laws; b. state system, and nationalism by Joan of Arc, as well as separation of church and state; c. cities as commercial rather than political and religious centers; d. a history of ceaseless borrowing, adaptation, and change: Romans, Franks, Visigoths has mingled, fought and reappeared in new forms. ←→