Maurice Crul University of Amsterdam

1. Which school systems provide the best opportunities for success? The Turkish Second Generation in Europe Maurice Crul University of Amsterdam

2. TIES Project TIES Survey Project: European Standardized Survey among ten thousand respondents. TIES Research and Training Network: Training network of twelve PhD students and two post-docs.

3. Funders TIES Project • Stiftung für Bevölkerung, Migration und Umwelt (BMU) • Volkswagen Foundation • European Science Foundation • Individual National Science Foundations. Ministries and cities • Research and Training Network (RTN) Program of Marie Curie

4. Positioning the TIES project in the international debate on the second generation in the US and Europe 1. Second generation groups follow different social mobility trajectories The segmented assimilation model in the US (Portes & Zhou; Portes & Rumbaut). Differences in structural, social and cultural integration in Europe (Heckmann e.a; Vermeulen & Penninx; Crul & Vermeulen). 2. Some second generation groups, or parts of some groups, are at risk Downward assimilation or second generation decline in the US (Gans). Ethnic underclass debate in different countries in Europe (Veenman; Castles). 3. Some (or most) second generation groups do (extremely) well. Second generation advantage in the US (Kasinitz, Mollenkopf, Waters, and Holdaway; Kao). New Assimilation theory (Alba and Nee). Discussion about self-selection and high aspirations of immigrants for their children in Europe.

5. Blind Spot: Integration Context • Most researchers study different ethnic groups in one city or one country context. • This puts the emphasis on the immigrant groups themselves. • The integration context is often taken for granted or given. • What is the importance of the national integration context?

6. New Theoretical Framework Comparative Integration Context Theory Special Issue Ethnic and Racial Studies (Crul and Schneider 2010) • National institutional arrangements (citzenship law; social and political institutions; institutional arrangements in education and the labour market). • Agency of individuals and groups (actively developing options and making choices, challenging given opportunities and structural configurations). • Study of careers instead of final outcomes.

8. Turkish second generation Why the Turkish second generation? • It is the largest immigrant group in Europe (4 million). • It is the group that is present in the most European countries • They have similar socio-economic background characteristics

9. Educational Position 2nd generation Turks of low educated parents

10. Differences in institutional arrangements in schoolaccross Europe • Starting age in school • School contact hours • Selection age in secondary school • Permeability of the school system (up and down streaming)

11. Average starting age in school

12. Selection age in secondary school

13. Germany Institutional arrangements and the interaction with family resources: Many children do not attend pre-school. Parents are responsible for learning their children German as a second language. Half day schools. Because of the compressed time framework in schools parents are supposed to give practical help and assistance with homework. Selection at age ten. About half of the children are tracked into Hauptschule (lower vocational education). Almost no chance for children to enter Gymnasium if they are not supported by their parents.

14. France Institutional arrangements and the interaction with family resources: Almost all children attend pre-school. From age 2 or 3 they start to learn French in an educational environment. Schools are responsible for teaching the children the second language. Primary schools are full days. Less depended on home work (support). Most important selection moment at age fifteen. More time to repair initial disadvantage of children. Also children who are not supported by their parents make it into an academic track.

15. Selection into a pre-academic track

16. Selection into Higher EducationFrom an academic track: Down Streaming

17. Selection into Higher EducationFrom a vocational track: Up Streaming

18. Labour Market Position

19. Upcoming Elite in Sweden, France and the Netherlands Baby boom generation is leaving and the 2nd generation comes in (zero sum mobility). Upcoming elite among the second generation: doctors, teachers, ICT software engineers, accountants and managers. They take the lead in the emancipation in their own communities (spokespersons and role models).

20. The crucial role of women • In Sweden more than three quarter of the women with children work (mostly in full-time jobs). • In Germany only a third of the women with children work. • In Sweden and France many more households in which both partners work. This has important consequencies for their overall socio-economic position.

21. TIES Follow Up Research ELITES: Pathways to Succes Project • Pathways to Success Project: • One in five second generation youth is successful. • Quantitative analysis of pathways to success in France, Germany, Sweden and The Netherlands • In-depth interviews with between 80-120 successful young adolescents in each country • ELITES project: • In-depth interviews with 30 visible upcoming elite members in each country (business; political and cultural elites). • Quantitative network analysis of networks of visible elite members.

22. Thanks http://www.tiesproject.eu/