Age of Exploration Commercial Revolution New Monarchies

1. Age of Exploration Commercial Revolution New Monarchies

2. True of False? • 50% of foods we eat today were of American origin. • FALSE. It’s actually closer to 30%. • Name two important food items from the Americas. • Corn and Potato

3. Why were Europeans resistant to eating American foods? • There were rumors that these foods might cause the Plague. • The Plague make recurring visits every couple of decades after the 1300s.

4. Before the Age of Exploration, what luxury goods were upper class Europeans accustomed to? • Spices • And Silk • These came to Europe via the Silk Road

5. According to your book, what inventions were the “Key to Power?” • Better ships, capable of carrying defensive weapons • Better navigational tools • Better maps • Gunpowder and metalwork made much better weapons • This all created a powerful military advantage over other civilizations • “Unprecedented ability to kill and intimidate from a distance.”

6. What year was Columbus’ “discovery” of the Americas? • 1492 • What did Vasco da Gama explore? • India (1498) • What did Magellan do? • Sailed around the world, discovering Indonesia and the Phillipines in 1521. • Who are the Philippines named after? • Phillip II of Spain (named in 1543)

7. Why did the British, Dutch, and French “aim North”? • Spain and Portugal already had claimed large parts of the south

8. What is the Columbian Exchange? • Disease • Millions killed from smallpox and measels • 50-80% of native population • For Europeans, benefit is more land and resources, little resistance from natives • Where else did this happen? • Polynesia and the Pacific Coast • Exchange of Goods • Corn, potatoes to Old World • Horses and Cows to New World

9. What is Mercantilism? • Don’t import goods – EXPORT • Take resources from colonial areas • Produce finished goods at home

10. What is a dependent economy? • Produces low-cost goods • Precious metals • Cash crops: sugar, spice, tobacco, cotton • Uses slave labor • Receives finished/manufactured goods from Europe

11. Which countries specifically chose to be out of the World Economy? • Japan • Forbidden to travel abroad or trade • Korea • China • Trade and contact with the West through Macao only

12. Who else were minor players in world trade? • India • Ottoman Empire • Russia • Africa

13. What was the impact of Colonialism on Western Europe? • Colonial rivalries added to existing hostilities • More wealth and capital • Increasing emphasis on manufacturing, reduced dependency on agriculture • Items produced in colonies in great numbers become widely available to more social classes • Sugar • Before – a costly luxury item

15. New Monarchs and Exploration

16. Taking Notes • Keep in mind the following causes while taking notes: • “Great Man” theory • Who were the exceptional individuals? • Cultural Determinants • Church • Middle Class • Political Determinants • How does rivalry lead to expansion? • Technological Advances • How did Europe use new technology to benefit from exploration/settlement of the “New World”?

17. Characteristics of the New Monarchies • Guarantee law and order • Hereditary monarchy is most legitimate form of public power. • No resistance. • Support of the urban middle class • Final decline of local power of feudal nobles • Centralized government • Laws • Taxes • Church

18. More Characteristics • Reduced power of clergy • Dissolved “hereditary” rights of nobles • Reduced emphasis on “common law” • Uniform application of laws • law from statutes and constitutions instead of judicial decision • “What pleases the prince has the force of law” • Middle classes more powerful • Their wealth helps stabilize the economy

19. Examples of New Monarchies England France Spain

20. The Divine Right of Kings • Rule by the will of God, not the will of the people, a parliament, or other nobility. • Restricting powers of a monarch is contrary to the will of God • No removal due to “misrule” • St. Augustine: a monarch is appointed by God to protect the “City of Man” • Monarchs believed they were “God’s representatives on earth.”

21. England – James I • Ruled “Great Britain” 1603-1625 • Wrote The True Law of Free Monarchies • Divine right of kings • No sharing of power • Dissolved parliament • Debt. Sold titles to raise money. • “new” nobility = more loyal • Denied privilege to “old” nobility – tied to past and primarily Catholic • Puritans want more reform • Permitted Catholicism in England and Calvinism in Scotland

22. England – Court of the Star Chamber • TUDOR ERA: law court beginnings as meetings of the king’s royal council • Appeal cases from lower courts • Public disorder • Property rights (land) • Public corruption • Trade and government • Could order torture, prison and fines, but not the death sentence

23. Court of the Star Chamber • STUART ERA: power grew • Tool of the king -- misuse and abuse • James I, Charles I used the court to: • suppress opposition to royal policies • try nobles too powerful to be brought to trial in the lower courts • Secret sessions, no right of appeal, punishment was swift and severe to any enemy of the crown. • Abolished in 1641

24. France in the 15th– 16th centuries

25. France • Becomes less feudal, more centralized • Strong, absolute monarchy • Divine Right of Kings • Rise of the Valois monarchs • Louis XI (“Spider King”) • Ruled: 1461-1483 • Francis I • Ruled: 1515-1547 • Henry IV • Ruled: 1553-1610

26. Louis XI – the “Spider King” • Born 1423- Died 1483 • Ruthless, especially with family • Removed power from nobles, clergy to enhance his power • Re-established power of King • Foundation for strong French state • Large army to secure borders • Taxes • Revenue purchased political support

27. Francis I • 1494-1547 (Ruled 32 years) • Taxes • Taille: direct tax on people and property. Doubled. • Gabelle: salt tax. Tripled. • Why? Palaces and wars were expensive • Raising revenue: • Sold royal jewels • Sold royal land • Sold political offices • Made French the government language, not Latin • Sent explorers to Canada

28. Francis and Religion • Early Reformation: tolerant of Protestants • Many German princes turned against his own enemy, Charles V • Denouncement of Papal Mass • Notices appeared around Paris, even within the King’s bedroom • Catholics blamed Protestants • Francis saw it as a plot against him • Began persecuting Protestants – over 20,000 • Printing was censored • Led to decades of religious civil war

29. Henry IV 1553-1610 • A Huguenot (Protestant) • Catholic League denied claim • Catholic League: “Ultra Catholics,” including the Pope and Phillip II of Spain • Elizabeth I supported him • Converted to Catholicism during Wars of Religion to ensure his claim • Edict of Nantes: offered religious toleration for French Protestants “Paris is well worth a mass”

30. France: the Royal Council • Appointed by the king from among the following: • Princes of the blood (the most senior nobles) • Everyone descended directly from the Capet line of kings (from 900 AD) • Senior prelates • “prelate” = preferred member of the clergy

31. French Parlement • Court of appeals – ruled on king’s laws on a local level. • If they did not agree with it, they refused to acknowledge the law. • Francis I sold right to be on a parlement. • Became a hereditary position.

32. France: Estates-General • Estates-General was an assembly of the different classes of French society • Only gathered when the king saw benefit

33. England and France -- Differences • England: stability • France: constant warfare and long-lasting effects from the 100 Years War left a sense of instability • Government • No unity of purpose • King used representatives in the provinces to govern for him (parlements) • Local traditions, ancient privilege still played an important role, even though kings reduced the roles of nobility and clergy

34. Empire of Charles V

35. Charles V • 1500-1558 • Most powerful man in Europe

36. Structure of the Holy Roman Empire • Voltaire: “Neither holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire” • Cross between a state and a religious confederation • No unity • Reformation

37. Charles V: Religious Problems • The largest problem faced by Charles V is the rift in the Church • Diet of Worms – 1521 • Peasant’s War – 1524-26 • Schmalkaldic League • Council of Trent – 1545 • Beginnings of the Counter-Reformation • Peace of Augsburg – 1555 • Each prince chooses his religion

38. Charles and Spain • Several domestic problems • Because he ruled so much of Europe, his Spanish subjects distrusted him • Mostly an absentee ruler – • nobles attempted to gain power during this time • Charles appointed friends and relatives to powerful positions in Spain • Demands more money from Spain to finance war against France and Ottomans • Revolt is inevitable

39. Charles V: Political and Economic Problems • War with France • Italian Wars • War with the Ottoman Empire • Vienna

40. Kingdoms of Spain: 1492

41. Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain • Combined kingdoms • Reconquista – Since the Muslim invasion, Catholics pushed out Moors and Jews (mostly middle class) • Two types of Conversos: • Moriscos: New Christians of Moorish origin. • Moors were given the choice to become Catholic or leave Spain for North Africa • Marranos: Spanish Jews • Secretly maintained ancestral traditions • Many leave Spain for Venice and Ottoman Empire

42. Inquisition • Inquisition -- Keeps Spain Catholic, not Protestant • Keeps out modern ideas, reform • Targets conversos, especially Jews • Begins anti-Semitism in Europe • 4000 Jews murdered in Portugal • 1509: Germany begins persecuting Jews • By 1600, Spain as a nation begins to decline • As wealth from New World increases, less attention is paid to nation-building.

43. Phillip II of Spain and Portugal 1526-1598 Son of Charles V International problems • Netherlands: Revolt • France: Joined the Pope in French Wars of Religion • England (1588): Spanish Armada, death of Mary Stuart • Ottoman Empire • Control of the Mediterranean • Turks finally defeated at Lepanto in 1571

44. Phillip II and Domestic Problems • Spain is still not truly united • Each province has its own Cortes –like France -- Inefficient government • Agriculture: de-emphasized farming, leading to reliance on food imports • Middle/Lower classes pay taxes, upper classes and clergy are exempt • Industry suffers, due to high taxes • Spain becomes dependent on revenue from the New World • Economy falters

45. El Escorial 1563-1584 • Baroque • Monastery • Art Museum • Royal Apartments

46. The Growth of the Ottoman Empire

47. Ottoman Empire • Peak of Power: Invaded Constantinople in 1453 • Dominant naval force in the Mediterranean until 1571 • Helped evacuate Muslims and Jews from Spain • Various ethnic groups could exist side-by-side • Economic alliance with France • Common enemy: Charles V • France could trade within the Ottoman Empire without taxation

48. The Decline • Decline: Part 1 • Naval superiority challenged by Europeans with modern technology • Lepanto 1571 • Two long wars: Persia and Austria-Hungary (war on two fronts) • Inflation leads to severe domestic problems – especially rebellion • Decline: Part 2 • Long, slow decline

49. The Battle of Lepanto, 1571 • Short naval battle between Ottomans and Holy League (Venice, Portugal, the Hapsburgs, Spain, Papal States) • Significance: Signals end of Ottoman superiority in the Mediterranean • Ottoman Casualties • 9,000 dead • 30,000 wounded • 137 ships captured • 50 ships sunk