Colonization

1. Colonization New Spain GOLD Aztecs & Incas Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 7 Golden Cities Lies north of present-day Albuquerque Hernan de Soto Florida & Alabama Consolidation Policy Lack of gold north of Rio Grande led to change of policy Conquistadors to Franciscan Missions Friars built missions & churches near Indian populations Sought to convert Religious conversion & cultural assimilation Hand in hand Local labor Indians worked for two reasons Fear of military reprisal Learn secrets of Christianity

2. New Spain

3. Colonization New France Jacques Cartier Claimed lands bordered by St. Lawrence for France 1608 1st settlement Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec French Huguenots (Protestants) Restricted from colonization King wanted to ensure loyalty in colonies Non-Permanent Settlers 27,000 French Men migrated 2/3 returned to France 1698 15,200 to 100,000 Fur Trading Empire Explorers traveled deep & claimed much of interior for France Robert de La Salle Traveled down Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico Led to establishment of New Orleans Named region all the river touched Louisiana King Louis XIV

4. Colonization English Colonization Walter Raleigh The Lost Colony Roanoke-1580s Island off of North Carolina Joint Stock Company Risk too great for one financier Spread out risk & profit Virginia-Jamestown 1607 Jamestown (1607) 105 settlers Upper class who did not now the perils of colonization King James I Off of the James River 32 survived first winter Native Americans key John Smith Soldier & Adventurer At odds with other colonists Chained when arrived Negotiated treaty with local India Chief, Powhatan Established trading relationship Reason for survival during 1st 2 winters

5. Virginia Starving Time John Smith was replaced with Lord De La Warr Everyone on the point of starvation More people died than arrived Negative population growth 1610 Only 60 settlers alive Thomas Dale De La Warr’s Deputy Established strict rules & work gangs to survive starving time Pocahontas Visited colonists often Kidnapped by colonists Sought to use as bargaining chip Needed Later released Married John Rolfe Took back to England 1619 20 African Slaves Traded to colonists in Jamestown Diary- “Bought today 20 negars”

6. Massachusetts Pilgrims September 16, 1620 The Mayflower 102 passengers 41 Christian Puritan Separatists Spent years in exile from England Mayflower Compact Established rules & guidelines for community November 21, 1620 Plymouth Colony Squanto Indian who spoke English Kept them alive John Winthrop Economic depression affecting Joint-Stock Company 11 ships carrying 900 “An City Upon A Hill” Rapid Growth Freemen People who owned stock in company Together were known as the General Court Pure Society Gambling, blasphemy, adultery, & drunkenness

7. New York & New Jersey New Jersey Duke of York 1664 Issued Proprietary Grant Sir George Carteret Lord Berkeley Land between the Hudson & Delaware River Named New Jersey Carteret was governor of the Isle of Jersey New York New Netherlands Henry Hudson Dutch East India Company Fur Trading Empire Traded with local Indians New Amsterdam New York City Anglo-Dutch War Competing Merchant Empire King Charles II Peter Stuyvesant surrendered Given to Duke of York Later King James

8. Maryland Maryland Colony King Charles I George Calvert, “Lord Baltimore” Converted to Catholicism Political suicide Sought permission to settle colony for Catholics Wanted to establish a religiously free colony Named after Virgin Mary King Charles II wife also named Maria Toleration Act 1649 George Calvert died His son Cecil became new Lord & Proprietor

9. Rhode Island & Connecticut Colony of Rhode Island Roger Williams Driven from Salem, Massachusetts Spreading religious & political Freedom Settled in Providence, Rhode Island Anne Hutchinson Banned n 1638 Believed God spoke to her directly who was saved and who was not Founded Portsmouth, Rhode Island Became haven for those seeking religious freedom Colony of Connecticut Thomas Hooker Sought to move congregation to river valley Needed more land to raise cattle Frustrated by political system in Massachusetts Believed in universal suffrage Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Established suffrage for all men Not just Church members

10. Delaware & New Hampshire Delaware Peter Minuet Settled colony for Swedish Brought log cabin design to New World Lost control to Dutch in 1655 Anglo-Dutch War English gained control along with rest of New Netherlands Awarded to William Penn Became independent in 1701 Elected its own assembly in 1704 New Hampshire Captain John Mason 1623 sent settlers into area Named after Mason’s home county Hampshire Fishing village John Wheelwright 1638 banished for defending sister Anne Hutchinson Exeter Compact Patterned after Mayflower Compact

11. North & South Carolina Roanoke Lost Colony in 1580s Virginia Used as buffer zone for southern frontier King Charles II Restoration Colony Rewarding loyal aristocrats King Charles I beheaded Son sent into exile while Oliver Cromwell ruled England The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669) Established a manorial system of rule Same that existed in Medieval Europe Charleston Originally Charles Town Founded by Sir John Yeamans plantation owner on Barbados Island

12. Pennsylvania William Penn Pennsylvania, 1682 Society of Friends or “Quakers” Created a “Holy Experiment” Philadelphia “City of Brotherly Love” Restoration Colony Admiral Penn Housed King Charles II during period of Parliamentary Rule Frame of Government (1681) Extended Quaker radicalism into politics Guaranteed religious freedom to Christians of all denominations Allowed all property owning men to vote German Settlers, 1683 Germantown established

13. Georgia James Oglethorpe Member of Parliament Investigated prisons Noticed a high amount of debtors Sought prison reform Penal Colony Sought permission to establish a colony To enable debtors to start a fresh Two Advantages Act as buffer zone from growing Spanish Empire Help England’s poor Georgia Named after King George II Strict Rules No Liquor, Slaves, or Catholics

14. The Shape of Early America British Folkways 4 Mass Migrations 20,000 Puritans Massachusetts Royalist Cavaliers Virginia Indentured Servants 23,000 Quakers Delaware Valley Pennsylvania New Jersey Delaware Scot-Irish Most to gain in New World “Melting Pot” or “Salad Bowl”

15. The Shape of Early America Population Growth Slow Start High death rate Roanoke Colony Jamestown First Successful Colony Paved the path to colonization Birthrates & Death Rates Better Economic Prospects Marriage age dropped 25/26 to 21/20 Birthrate rose accordingly Average Age 1790 16 years old Healthier World Scattered Less likely to spread disease Bountiful Land Less Famine

16. The Shape of Early America Women in the Colonies “The woman is a weak creature not endowed with like strength and constancy of mind.”-unknown preacher Serve & Obey Husband Children Public Life Could NOT Vote Preach Hold office Attend public schools Bring lawsuits Make contracts Own Property Women’s Work Domestic Activities House Garden Yard Extra Duties Midwife Tavern Hostesses Shopkeepers

17. The Southern Colonies Crops Virginia Tobacco 1619 20,000 lbs 1688 18 Million lbs South Carolina Rice 1700 400,000 lbs 1740 43 Million lbs Indigo After 1740 Blue dyestuff North Carolina Pine Trees Tar Shipbuilding UNC-Tar Heels Land Headright System 50 acre plot Per person brought Indentured Servants Labor Indentured Servants 1/2 of all white settlers Contract Labor for passage

18. The Imperial Slave Economy The South Atlantic System 3 major components Fertile lands Taken from Indians Enslaved laborers Purchased from Africans Capital Provided by Europeans Sugar Plantations European sweet-tooth Sugar very popular Sugar plantations developed in Caribbean Caribbean also known as West Indies