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Colonization

Colonization. http://www.lacucaracha.com/. 1492: Columbus arrives 1494: Latin America divided between Spain and Portugal 1521: Cortez takes Tenochtitlan 1532: Pizarro takes Peru (as well as Ecuador, parts of Colombia, Chile, and Bolivia). Colonial Period: 1492 to 1532. First Settlement(s).

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Colonization

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  1. Colonization http://www.lacucaracha.com/

  2. 1492: Columbus arrives 1494: Latin America divided between Spain and Portugal 1521: Cortez takes Tenochtitlan 1532: Pizarro takes Peru (as well as Ecuador, parts of Colombia, Chile, and Bolivia) Colonial Period:1492 to 1532

  3. First Settlement(s) • La Navidad, Haiti (1492)

  4. Map of North Coast(Columbus’ Writing)

  5. Problems, Problems, Problems… • Santa Maria ran aground and was damaged • Built La Navidad in order to work on the (irreparable) ship • Columbus left on another boat, leaving 39 behind • Spanish settlers fought, killed each other • They offended the Taíno: took women / children and forced them to work as their servants / slaves. • Eventually, it is believed the Taíno chief attacked the settlement and killed the Spaniards • Columbus returned the following year: found settlement burned to the ground and empty.

  6. Voyage #2 (1493) With 1,200 men!

  7. La Isabela • • Built new settlement on North Coast of DR • Had some gold / silver, but not terribly bountiful • Still exists! Sort of… • Settlement bulldozed into the ocean during the 1950s • Currently restoring

  8. Santo Domingo

  9. Santo Domingo • Santo Domingo settled in 1496 (first permanent) • Oldest European city in the Americas • Rich, alluvialsoils at mouth of Rio Ozama • Sheltered away from storms

  10. European agriculture begins! • At first, not so successful. • Quickly learned there were no natural enemies / diseases forlivestock, plants • Agriculture / farming made easy! • Created planned city • Santo Domingo became de facto “capital” of the “New World” Fortaleza de Ozama

  11. ColonialCity: • Fort • Plaza: • - Church • Gov’t Offices • Market • CBD • EuropeanTown • Native / BlackTown

  12. “1525 Law of the Indies” • Spanish law regulating structure and placement of political / social structures • Regulated architecture and urban layout • Grid Pattern • 2,000+ cities built in this manner • Now referred to as “Colonial Cities”

  13. Zócalo (Plaza in D.F.) 1. Cathedral • National Palace • City Hall (old) • City Hall (new)

  14. Lima, Peru

  15. Havana, Cuba

  16. Santo Domingo

  17. Oldest Cathedral in the Americas (Santa Maria-1512)

  18. Pope Alexander VI(of Spain)

  19. T hereupon it was declared by the…King and Queen of Castilla, Leon, Aragon, Granada, etc.; and of the aforesaid King of Portugal and the Algarves, etc.: That, whereas a certain controversy exists between the said lords, their constituents, as to what lands…pertain to each one of the said parts respectively; therefore, for the sake of peace and concord, and for the preservation of the relationship and love of the said King of Portugal and for the said King and Queen of Castilla, Aragon, etc., it being the pleasure of their Highnesses, they…acting in their name and by virtue of their powers herein described, covenanted and agreed that a…straight line be…drawn north and south…from the Arctic Pole to the Antarctic Pole. This line shall be drawn straight at a distance of three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands…

  20. Treaty of Tordesillas (1493 and 1494)

  21. Captaincies (Capitanias) • Portuguese land divided up in E-W tracts • Land extended to treaty line • Given to nobles • Not initially settled like Spanish territories • Only along coast (ports for trade of Brazilwood)

  22. Major Centers of Conquest ISLANDS FIRST: • Caribbean:Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico MAINLAND NEXT: • Mexico (Cortéz) • Peru (Pizarro) • Brazil(Portuguese)

  23. Spanish Missions • 1565 to 1833 • Established by Spanish as method of settlement and Christianizing • FL up to VA • Through Mexico up to Northern CA • TNT and South America • Most built in late 1700s

  24. 1565: First Spanish Mission in the Americas: Nombre de Dios(St. Augustine, FL)

  25. The first missions were made of wood • rotted • burned • hurricanes • only recently discovered!

  26. A Lesson Learned

  27. 1598: San Juan de los CaballerosOldest Existing Mission in the Americas(Española, NM) (restoration of memorial)

  28. Rules of Mission Construction • Churches: E-W orientation (optimize sunlight) • Quadrangle of structures (granary, living quarters, workshops, kitchens, etc.) • Walls: often stucco over adobe, wood • Height determined by building materials (adobe, wood, etc.) • Roofs: Initially thatched, later tiled, arched • Arched exterior corridors: arcades • Chapel: European-style cathedrals (shape of cross) • Décor: Spanish messages mixed with Native artistry

  29. General Plan of Missions Cemetery Patio Garden Church / Chapel Plaza Many rooms for various functions (workshops, accommodations, baptisms, etc.)

  30. The Alamo

  31. Los Angeles

  32. Not this Los Angeles (Nicaragua)

  33. El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de Los Ángeles de la Porciúncula

  34. Spanish Mission Style Architecture

  35. …and Mission Revival Architecture

  36. Union Station

  37. El Camino Real • Missions required roads (supplies, visitors) • “The Royal Road” or “The King’s Highway” • Linked major / “important” royal, trade, religious sites • Many “Caminos Reales”

  38. Not to be confused with areal El Camino…

  39. Many “Caminos Reales” • “Mission Trail:” California Coast • Originally linked missionaries from the tip of Baja California to San Francisco • El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro: • Mexico City to Taos, NM • King’s Highway (de los Tejas): • Mexico City to Natchitoches, LA • Eventually linked to St. Augustine, FL • Panama Camino Real: • Across Panamanian Isthmus • Incan Road: • Quito, Ecuador to beyond Santiago, Chile

  40. Mission Trail(Alta y Baja) San Juan Capistrano

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