Development Needs of Master’s Programs in Global Health Nursing and Midwifery in Japan

1. The 1st International Nursing Research Conference of WANS Sept. 20, 2009 Development Needs of Master’s Programs in Global Health Nursing and Midwifery in Japan Junko Tashiro, RN, PhD; Shigeko, Horiuchi, RN, SMW, DNSc; Yasuko, Nagamatsu, RN MS; Michiko, Oguro, SMW, DNSc; Yukiko, Manabe, RN, MS; Yuko, Hirano, RN, PhD St. Luke’s College of Nursing, WHO Collaborating Center for Nursing in PHC

2. Background (Global Trend)ＷＨＯ Policy on Strengthening Nursing and Midwifery • 1989：WHA42.27 Resolution: Strengthening nursing/ midwifery in support of the Strategy for Health for All • WHA45.5,49.1, 47.9, 48.8, 49.1, 54.12, 57.19, 59.23/27 • 2000 United Nations: The Millennium Development Goals were accepted • 2007 March: Islamabad Declaration • 2008 Feb: Chang Mai Declaration • 2008 March：WHO Scale-up of Nurses and Midwives for Contribution to MDGs

3. Background (Japan) • Strengthening Nursing & Midwifery is essential to obtain Goals of Global Health. • Japanese nurses and midwives have been working to improve Global Health. • Higher educational institutions in Nursing have prepared International Nursing or Global Health Nursing programs. • 40％ (67/168) of the BSN programs offered International nursing related subjects. • 15％ (16/104) of the Master programs offered International or Global Health Nursing courses.

4. Purpose • To describe developmental needs of current master’s programs of International or Global Health Nursing in order to further develop and increase numbers of master’s prepared Japanese nurses contributing to global health. -To examine current curriculum, teaching methods and materials. -To form a consortium of faculties teaching international nursing and determine the core curriculum standard.

5. Secretariat Global Health Midwifery Group Global Health Nursing Group Method 1: Organization ofConsortium of International Nursing & Midwifery

6. Method 2： • First Phase：Investigate using Web-site search for “higher educational institutions informing their “International or Global Health Nursing or Midwifery” • Second Phase: Invite members to International Nursing & Midwifery Consortium • Third Phase: The first Consortium Meeting on current curriculum of each master’s program was held, and information including mission, subjects, credit hours, teaching methods and materials, and current issues of their program was collected

7. Ethical Considerations • An invitation letter to faculty members teaching International Nursing or Midwifery informed and invited them to sign-up for this project. • Participants agreed to present their educational programs. • The IRB of our Institution (No. 08-054 ) approved this study.

8. Result １：Participants of the Consortium of International Nursing & Midwifery in Japan • Nov, 2008： Agreeing to become members were Faculties from: - 3 Midwifery programs: (A, B. L) - 7 Master’s course: (A,B,C,E,H,L,K)

9. Result ２： Midwifery Programs • 3 Master’s programs of Midwifery • Names of Sub-course in Midwifery - 「International Midwifery」 (A), - 「International Health Midwifery」 (B), - 「International Collaboration」 (L),

10. Result ３： Midwifery-Educational Goals, Methods, and Contents

11. Result ４： Challenges • Curriculum is overcrowded because of midwifery licensure requirements • Curriculum does not included “local anesthesia, episiotomy, suture, laboratory testing, and medications” due to limitations of responsibility of Japanese midwives compared to master’s programs in other countries

12. Result 5：International Nursing:Course Title, Teaching Methods and Credit Hours • International Nursing: A, B, C, E, A: Special lectures（including visiting professor’s) ４cr, Seminar ４cr, Research ８cr, total 16 credits B: Lecture・Seminar・Practicum Total 16cr C: Special Lecture, Seminar, Research 14cr • International Community Nursing：J 32 cr and above, • International Nursing Administration: K 4cr • International Health Nursing: K NA

13. Result ６-1：International Nursing: Educational Goals ・To gain fundamental as well as professional competence working with collaborative projects in Nursing/Midwifery in developing countries （A） ・To educate nurses to be collaborative partners in host countries in developing countries (B) ・To educate nursing practitioners enabling technical cooperation for developing countries（C) ・To educate nursing researchers contributing to international or global health （E) ・To gain higher competence as global community health nurse based on PHC （J) ・To gain knowledge and skills of nursing administration in international or global health cooperation for enabling nurse management （K)

14. Result 6-2：International Nursing: Teaching Contents • A: Identifying global health issues, strategies and research: Assessment of health issues of a focused country; identify strategies to improve health status of the focused population based on literature review; conduct field survey or work and develop recommendation; • B: Study on ICN position statement, MDGs, Human Development Index, Social epidemiology, Disaster nursing, Disaster cycle and nursing, Mental Health Care, Emergency Training Simulation; • C: International nursing co-operation process and evaluation in developing countries; Cross cultural nursing for foreigners staying in Japan; • J: International health; Social anthropology (electives)、Community health activity; Nursing ethics; Nursing and health policy; Nursing education; Nursing administration; Nursing consultation; Introduction of international community nursing/ practice/ seminar: Community development; • H: International emergency relief; Nursing research methodology in International nursing

15. Result ７：International Nursing- Challenges • Shortage of faculty members teaching International or Global Health Nursing • Limited number of students majoring in International Nursing and enrollment is unpredictable. • Faculty members must also teach community nursing, nursing education, nursing administration, and disaster nursing

16. Result ８：Teaching Materials • Information from Web of International organizations such as: ･WHOhttp://www.who.int/en/　（F） ･UNICEFhttp://www.unicef.org/　（F） • Existing English and Japanese reference, DVDs such as: ･Merson, Black, & Mill. (2000). International Public Health.An Aspen Publication (A） ･Werner, D. (1993). Where there is no doctor. Macmillan Education LTD（A） • Visual materials DVD: Case of International Cooperation （K） VTR of Midwifery practicum, Simulations（L）

17. Conclusions: • International Nursing or Midwifery is a new specialty based on global health needs, and developed from Community Health Nursing, Nursing Education, and Administration • Educational goals and competencies of International nurses and midwives are in common. • Major specialty issues are: faculty, curriculum, teaching contents and methods. • Further refinement of competencies in international collaboration, and development of core curriculum, is needed.

18. For further development • In order to further develop International Nursing & Midwifery: - Strengthen the consortium to increase sharing information about human resources, educational events, and develop new systems for effective education. • Develop a network among higher educational institutions or faculty members of Global Health Nursing and Midwifery in other countries in order to strengthen multinational collaboration for Health Equity