IKI20210 Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Kuliah no. 1: Pendahuluan

1. IKI20210Pengantar Organisasi KomputerKuliah no. 1: Pendahuluan Sumber:1. Hamacher. Computer Organization, ed-5.2. Materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997, UCB. 14 Februari 2003 Bobby Nazief (nazief@cs.ui.ac.id)Qonita Shahab (niet@cs.ui.ac.id) bahan kuliah: http://www.cs.ui.ac.id/kuliah/iki20210/

2. IKI20210 • Pengantar Organisasi Komputer • “Mata kuliah ini mengajarkan dasar-dasar organisasi komputer sekuensial, yang terdiri dari komponen-komponen: input, output, memori, dan prosesor (kontrol dan datapath), melalui pemrograman dengan bahasa assembly.” • Prasyarat: • Pengantar Sistem Digital • Konsep Pemrograman I • Bobot: • 3 SKS • Buku Acuan: • V. Carl Hamacher, dkk. Computer Organization. Edisi ke-5. McGraw-Hill, 2002. • David Patterson & John Hennessy. Computer Organization & Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.

3. Administrasi Perkuliahan • Penilaian: • Tugas: 30% (5 tugas pemrograman + PR) • UTS: 30% • UAS: 40% • Jadwal Kuliah: • Rabu: 8:00 – 9:40 WIB • Jumat: 8:00 – 8:50 WIB • Jadwal Ujian: • UTS: 16 April 2003 • UAS: 9 - 20 Juni 2003

4. Organisasi Sistem Komputer

5. Organisasi Sistem Komputer Application (Netscape) • Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi Operating 20210 Compiler System (Windows 98) Software Assembler Instruction Set Architecture Hardware Processor Memory I/O system Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors

6. Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Organisasi Komputer • Application S/W • MS Word  computer as electronic type-writer • MS Excel  computer as electronic calculator • System S/W • Compilers  computer as translator (source to executable program) • Operating Systems  computer as machine that executes programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers, communicate with other computers • Instruction Set • What basic operations can be carried out • What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from memory • How can data be exchanged to the outside “world” • Computer H/W • The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output

7. Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman A = 25; B = 8; C = A * B; lds r1, 0x100 lds r2, 0x102 add r1, r2 sts 0x104, r1 High Level Language Program (e.g., C) 20210 Compiler Assembly Language Program (e.g.,AVR) Assembler Machine Language Program (AVR) 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 Machine Interpretation Control Signal Specification ° °

8. Organisasi Bahasa Pemrograman Java Java Language byte code Java Virtual Machine JVM dapat langsung berhubungan dgn h/w Operating System Computer H/W

9. Keyboard, Mouse Computer Processor (active) Memory (passive) (where programs, data live when running) Devices Disk(where programs, data live when not running) Input Control (“brain”) Datapath (“brawn”) Output Display, Printer 5 Komponen Utama Komputer

10. Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer

11. Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium Processor/Memory Bus PCI Bus I/O Busses

12. Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20 • TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20 MBus Module SuperSPARC Floating-point Unit L2 $ CC DRAM Controller Integer Unit MBus MBus control M-S Adapter L64852 Inst Cache Ref MMU Data Cache STDIO SBus serial kbd SCSI Store Buffer SBus DMA mouse Ethernet audio RTC Bus Interface SBus Cards Boot PROM Floppy

13. Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515

14. Struktur (Umum) Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen Proc Caches Processor-Memory Bus adapters I/O Bus Memory Controllers Disks Displays Keyboards I/O Devices: Networks Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka

15. Outline Materi Kuliah • Konsep-konsep Dasar • Stored Program Computer • Instruction Set • Set Instruksi/Pemrograman • Input/Output • Memori • Aritmatika • Prosesor • Datapath • Control Unit • Pipeline

16. Generasi Komputer • I: ’46 – ’57: UNIVAC 1103 • Bahasa Rakitan • Vacuum Tube • 40.000 instruksi/detik • II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094 • Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator • Transistor • I/O & Processor Parallelism • 200.000 instruksi/detik • III: ’65 – ’71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8 • Sistem Operasi • Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC) • Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism • 1.000.000 instruksi/detik • IV: ’72 – ’77: Apple IIe, IBM PC • Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI) • Microprocessor, PC • 10.000.000 instruksi/detik • IV: ’78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC • Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) • 100.000.000 instruksi/detik

17. Tren Teknologi

18. Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million Moore’s Law 2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years Called “Moore’s Law”

19. Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor 1.54X/yr Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)

20. Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM) year size(Megabit) 1980 0.0625 1983 0.25 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256 Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

21. Teknologi Komputer  Perubahan Dramatis • Prosessor • 2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun • 100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir • Memori • Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years • Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun • Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun • Kapasitas meningkat 64Xdalam dekade terakhir • Disk • Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun • Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun • Kapasitas meningkat 120Xdalam dekade terakhir

22. Bicycle Computer (Embedded) • P. Brain • wireless heart monitor strap • record 5 measures: speed, time, current distance, elevation and heart rate • Every 10 to 60 sec. • 8KB data  33 hours • Stores information so can be uploaded through a serial port into PC to be analyzed Heart Rate Speed Altitude Dramatic change !!!