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War of 1812

War of 1812. Causes. Free seas and trade Stopping American ships Impressment Frontier pressures Desire for land British Canada Spanish Florida Conflicts with Indians Tecumseh and Prophet Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison War Hawks Henry Clay, Kentucky

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War of 1812

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  1. War of 1812

  2. Causes • Free seas and trade • Stopping American ships • Impressment • Frontier pressures • Desire for land • British Canada • Spanish Florida • Conflicts with Indians • Tecumseh and Prophet • Battle of Tippecanoe • William Henry Harrison • War Hawks • Henry Clay, Kentucky • John C. Calhoun, South Carolina • Argued that war w/Britain only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, & destroy Indian resistance • Declaration of war • Passed after Britain agreed to suspend its naval blockade

  3. A Nation Divided • Pro-war • Southern & western states incl. PA & VT • Republicans • Anti-war • NY, NJ, & New England states • Federalists • New England merchants • “Mr. Madison’s War”

  4. War of 1812 • Invasion of Canada • 3-part invasion • Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain • Americans burned York (Toronto) • Easily repulsed by superior British forces • Naval Battles • USS Constitution “Old Ironsides” • Sank British ship • American privateers • Success offset by British naval blockade • Lake Erie, 1813 • Most important naval battle of the war • Captain Oliver Hazard Perry • “We have met the enemy and he is ours” • Prepared the way for William Henry Harrison’s victory at Battle of Thames R. • Tecumseh was killed

  5. Chesapeake Campaign, 1814 British defeated Napoleon increased troops in U.S. British burn White House, Capitol, & other buildings Attempt to take Baltimore Francis Scott Key-”Star Spangled Banner”

  6. Southern campaign • Gen. Andrew Jackson • Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814 • Creek Indians defeated • British ally • Opened new lands to white settlers • Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1814 • 700 British killed, 1400 wounded • 8 US killed, 13 wounded • Fought 2 weeks after the war had ended

  7. Treaty of Ghent • Both sides tired of the war • Britain had fought Napoleon over a decade • America recognized it could not win • Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814 • Terms • A halt to fighting • Return of all conquered territory • Recognition of prewar boundary of US & Canada • Britain made no concessions about impressment, blockades, or other prewar grievances • War ended in stalemate

  8. HartfordConvention, December 1814 • New England states opposed to war & Republican government • Radical Federalists wanted Constitution amended & secession as last resort • Secession was rejected • Proposals were adopted to limit power of Republicans • Jackson’s victory & Treaty of Ghent made Federalists appear unpatriotic • Federalists weakened

  9. Legacies of War of 1812 • US gained respect of other nations • US accepts Canada as part of British Empire • Federalist party no longer a national force • New England sets precedent of talk of secession & nullification • Indians loss of British allies forces them to surrender lands

  10. American industry grew due to British blockade • War Heroes • Future political leaders • Andrew Jackson • William Henry Harrison • American nationalism • Belief that the future of the US lay in the West away from Europe

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