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Progressivism, Socialists, and Suffragettes: A Shift in American Society

Explore the major events and ideologies that shaped the Progressive Era in America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the rise of socialism, the fight for women's suffrage, and the push for social, economic, and political reforms.

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Progressivism, Socialists, and Suffragettes: A Shift in American Society

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  1. PROGRESSIVISM PROGRESSIVES, SOCIALISTS AND SUFFRAGETTES

  2. 1894—Henry Ford introduces first American mass produced automobile • 1894—The Pullman Strike • Where: • Causes: • Leadership: • Result: • 1894—Wilson-Gorman Tariff • 1895—US v. EC Knight, Co. • 1896—Utah joined the Union #46 • 1896—Plessy v. Ferguson • ELECTION OF 1896 • Issues: • Candidates: • Campaign: • Result: Versus Bryan McKinley

  3. AMERICAN IMPERIALISM; 1897-1909 • PRESIDENCY OF WILLIAM McKINLEY • 1897-1899 KLONDIKE GOLD RUSH • 1898 THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • STEPS TO WAR • 1895 Cuban “Libre” Movement--Revolt—Jose Marti v. Gen Weyler • 1896-97 “YELLOW JOURNALISM” • The State—Joseph Gonzales • NY Journal—William Randolph Hearst • NY Globe—Joseph Pulitzer • 1896-97 BUSINESS INTERESTS • US Sugar Cane growers in Cuba • 1897 DE LOME LETTER (Feb.). • 1898 “USS MAINE” • APRIL 1898 US ULTIMATUM TO SPAIN • DECLARATION OF WAR (AND TELLER AMENDMENT) • THE WAR

  4. RESULTS OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • TREATY OF PARIS DEC. 10, 1898 • HAWAII ANNEXED 1898 (officially by Treaty) • FEB. 1899--INSURRECTION IN THE PHILIPPINES—EMILIO AGUINALDO • 1900 THE FORAKER ACT • INSULAR CASES • “The Influence of Naval Power on History” Alfred Thayer Mahan “geo-strategist”. • 1899-1900 PROBLEMS IN CHINA “OPEN DOOR POLICY” Sec of State John Hay • Major economic powers had carved up China into Spheres of Influence. • All applied “navigation laws” to those places. • US wanted free and open trade with the China • 1901 THE BOXER REBELLION ENDS • PROGRESSIVISM • 4 Goals of Progressivism: • 1. promote social welfare • 2. promote moral improvement • 3. create economic reform • 4. foster efficiency

  5. PROGRESSIVE OBJECTIVES: • PROGRESSIVES CAME IN TWO FORMS: • 1. ULTRA-PROGRESSIVES=SOCIALISTS, COMMUNISTS • SOCIALIST REFORMS • 2. NORMAL, MAINSTREAM PROGRESSIVES • CORPORATE REFORM • MORE ANTI-TRUST LEGISLATION • LABOR UNION MOVEMENT • MINIMUM WAGE LAWS • COLLECTIVE BARGAINING • CHILD LABOR RESTRICTIONS • WORKERS COMPENSATION • ACCIDENT INSURANCE • WORKER SAFETY • AGRARIAN RADICALISM (POLITICAL REFORM) • WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE • INITIATIVE • REFERENDUM • RECALL ELECTIONS • DIRECT PRIMARY • DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS • REORGANIZATION OF CITY GOVERNMENT • ETHNIC MOVEMENT/SOCIAL REFORMS • BLACK EQUALITY • PROHIBITION • AID TO THE POOR • URBAN HOUSING

  6. PROGRESSIVES • WHO WERE THEY? • LINK TO RELIGION: • IDEAS AND PEOPLE THAT INFLUENCED PROGRESSIVES: • 1. MUCKRAKERS • NEWSPAPER REPORTERS COMMITTED TO EXPOSING THE PROBLEMS IN AMERICAN LIFE. • “SHOCK” JOURNALISM HELPED SELL NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES • —McCLURE’S, LADIES HOME JOURNAL, HARPER’S, THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY • IDA TARBELL, LINCOLN STEFFENS, GEORGE TURNER • 2. REALISM • INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT—APPLIED TO GOVERNMENT NOTED THAT CONSTITUTIONAL THEORY AND “POLITICAL REALITY” ARE TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. • Founding Fathers v. Corrupt Machines and State Govts.—Wisconsin Idea • EXPRESSED IN ART—GEORGE BELLOWS • HISTORY—FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER “FRONTIER THESIS” • WRITERS—UPTON SINCLAIR “THE JUNGLE”, THEODORE DREISER “AN AMERICAN TRAGEDY” • ARCHITECTURE—FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT • POLITICAL SCIENCE—THORSTEIN VEBLEN “THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS” • CIVIL RIGHTS—Ida Welles, Rosenwald Schools

  7. Progressives continued • SOCIAL REFORMERS: • Other reformers were concerned with the plight of the poor. • Jacob Riis– How the Other Half Lives– exposed the terrible conditions found in the tenement slums of NY City. NY City passed building code laws and passed fire codes. • Jane Addams– open the Hull House in Chicago. These were settlement houses where social reformers worked to give direct aid to the poor. Offered food, housing, medical care and advice on education and job training. • By 1910 there were 400 settlement houses in the US. • Florence Kelley– Child labor laws • TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS • Temperance Movement(WCTU) wanted to ban the manufacture, sale and consumption of alcohol. • Carrie Nation was one of the movement’s leaders. She would enter bars and taverns and destroy liquor bottles with a hatchet. • They were instrumental in getting the 18th Amendment passed in 1919. “Prohibition Amendment” • Women’s Rights– 1870s Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the North American Woman Suffrage Association. • Their goal was gain the right to vote for women. The movement had its first success in the western states. • 1920—19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in national elections.

  8. ELECTION OF 1900 • CANDIDATES: • ISSUES: • RESULTS: • EVENTS OF McKINLEY’s 2nd TERM: • 1901—PLATT AMENDMENT • 1901---U.S. STEEL CORPORATION ESTABLISHED • SEPT 6, 1901 McKINLEY ASSASSINATED,( died Sept. 14) PRESIDENCY OF THEODORE (Teddy) ROOSEVELT • 1902—(JUNE) ANTHRACITE COAL STRIKE • UMW—John Mitchell- higher wages, 8 hr. day, union recognition • Mine Owners (RR co’s.) “lock out” • Sept. 1902 public opinion =pro-union • Oct. 1902—Pres. Roosevelt offered arbitration, threat of troops • Compromise solution: Elihu Root, JP Morgan--results LEON CZOLGOSZ

  9. TR CONTINUED • 1902 NEWLANDS ACT • 1903 WRIGHT BROTHER’S AIRPLANE • 1903 ELKINS ACT • 1903 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR CREATED • 1904 NORTHERN SECURITIES CO. CASE • 1901-1903 ACQUISITION OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE • 1901 HAY-PAUNCEFORT TREATY • 1902 PANAMA CANAL CO. PHILIPPE BUNAU-VARILLA SOLD BUILDING RIGHTS TO US $40 MILLION -- 1903 HAY-HERRAN TREATY (US/Colombia) Contents: Nov. 1903—Panamanian Revolt. Nov. 21, 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Contents: Results: 1903--ALASKAN BOUNDARY SETTLEMENT 1904—ROOSEVELT COROLLARY (GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY)

  10. ELECTION OF 1904 • CANDIDATES • ISSUES • OUTCOME • MAJOR EVENTS OF T.R.’s 2ND TERM • 1905 TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH • 1904 RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR • AMERICA’S INTEREST?? • TREATY CONTENTS • REACTIONS TO TREATY • RESULTS OF THE WAR • 1905 1ST MOROCCAN CRISIS • THE SITUATION • US OFFER OF ARBITRATION • RESULTS • 1907 THE “GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT”

  11. 1907-1909 voyage of GREAT WHITE FLEET • PURPOSE: • RESULTS: • 1908 ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT • CONTENTS: • MAJOR LEGISLATION PASSED 2ND TERM: • 1906 PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT • 1906 MEAT INSPECTION ACT • 1906 HEPBURN ACT • 1907 OKLAHOMA JOINS THE UNION • MAJOR ECONOMIC PROBLEM: • 1907 PANIC • CAUSES: • ADVICE: • RESULT: • ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES • 1907 NATIONAL CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION • CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION, RESERVATION Yosemite Natl. Park John Muir

  12. DAILY LIFE IN LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES • SPORTS • CROQUET • GOLF • BASEBALL invented in 1845—Alexander Cartwright –Knickerbocker Club • “CINCINNATI” REDLEGS 1869 • NATIONAL LEAGUE 1876, banned black players in 1887 • 1903 1st World Series • Negro Leagues 1888—Cuban Giants • FOOTBALL 1869 RUTGERS V. PRINCETON • 1905 President Roosevelt tried to outlaw it • 1910 NCAA • BASKETBALL 1891 James Naismith • 1892-VASSAR AND SMITH 1st colleges • 1893-Vanderbilt and Kansas--1st men’s teams • BICYCLE CRAZE • 1884 SAFETY BIKE (ENG) • 1887 AH. OVERMAN • MARSHALL TAYLOR HIGHEST PAID PROFESSIONAL ATHLETE OF THE DAY • $875/DAY • LITERATURE • “LITTLE WOMEN” LOUISA MAY ALCOTT • “BEN HUR”—GEN. LEW WALLACE • “TARZAN” EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS • “TOM SAWYER”, AND “ADVENTURES OF HUCK FINN”—MARK TWAIN • 1900 2000 DAILY NEWSPAPERS, LADIES HOME JOURNAL LARGEST MAGAZINE

  13. ELECTION OF 1908 • CANDIDATES: • ISSUES: • RESULTS: • PRESIDENCY OF WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 1909-1913 • FOREIGN AFFAIRS: • TAFT HAD SERVED AS TR’s SEC. OF WAR • NEW FOREIGN POLICY PHILOSOPHY “$ DIPLOMACY” • DOMESTIC AFFAIRS • 1909 PAYNE- ALDRICH TARIFF • 1909 16TH AMENDMENT RATIFIED • 1910 MANN-ELKINS ACT • 1910 BALLINGER-PINCHOT CONTROVERSY • 1910 NAACP OFFICIALLY CREATED • 1910 CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS

  14. ANTI-TRUST ACTIONS: Electoral Map • Taft filed 90 different anti-trust lawsuits compared to 44 for TR in 7.5 years. • 1911—Standard Oil • 1911– American Tobacco Co. • International Harvester • US Steel • 1912-1913 Pujo Committee investigations– “money trust” • 17th Amendment • Lochner v. New York • Muller v. Oregon • 1912– New Mexico and Arizona join the union. • Ottawattomie Speech—TR condemns Taft as President. Splits Repub. Party. • 1913– Physical Evaluation Act Bureau of Mines created Commerce and Labor split Federal Children’s Bureau established (investigate conditions of child labor) PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 1912: CANDIDATES: ISSUES: RESULTS: Taft TR Wilson Debs

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