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States of Matter: Mass, Volume, and Changes

Learn about the different states of matter, their characteristics, and how they can change through processes like evaporation, condensation, and freezing. Explore concepts like mass, volume, and buoyancy, and understand the composition of matter through elements, compounds, and mixtures.

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States of Matter: Mass, Volume, and Changes

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  1. Matter

  2. A. Matter 1. Matter-Anythingthattakes up space and has mass. • Massisthemeasure of theamount of matteranobjectcontains. A balance measuresmass • Weightis a measure of thepull of gravityonthematter in anobject; *springscalesmeasureweight (pull of gravity) **Weight can changebutmassdoesnot 3. Volume-howmuchspaceanobjectoccupies • Regular objects (definiteshapes): V=lwh *a box, table, ice cube, etc. • Irregular shapes: displacement of water *beans in a graduatedcykinder

  3. B. States of Matter • Kinetic Theory-explains how particles in matter behave • All matter is made of particles • Particles are in constant, random motion • Particles collide with each other and the walls of the container • 2. Determined by temperature-this determines particle arrangement and amount of energy in matter • Solid-have a definite volume and definite shape; molecules vibrate in place-low kinetic energy • Liquid-No definite shape but definite volume; molecules move slowly (kinetic energy increases) • Gas-no definite shape or volume; move very fast with high kinetic energy

  4. YOU MAY WANT TO DRAW THIS Kinetic energy increases as heat is added-this is Thermal Expansion …..Particles expand as they heat and contract when cooled Water is the exception to this rule. It expands as it loses heat.

  5. Whatstates of matter are represented in thephotograph?

  6. d. Plasma-a special state • Makes up 99% of the visible universe • The most common form of matter • A charged gas full of energy • Plasma can be found in the Sun and … Stars and … Lightning

  7. 2. Changes in States of Matter a. Changing states requires a change in pressure or temperature b. Processes of change 1. gas to liquid 2. liquid to solid 3. solid to liquid 4. Liquid to gas condensation freezing (freezing point) melting (melting point) evaporation (slow), boiling (Boiling point), vaporization (fast)

  8. DRAW THIS!

  9. C. Behavior of Fluids and Gases 1. Fluid-anything that flows gas or liquid 2. Buoyancy-the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on any object immersed in it. This is called Buoyant force 3. Basic Principles • a. Archimedes • the buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced (moved out) by an object. • In other words….if its weight is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced…it floats!

  10. b. Pascals-Pressure applied to a fluid is unchanged throughout-like squeezing a toothpaste tube or pistons in an engine c. Bernouillis-As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases. Example is the flow of air over an airplane wing changes with design

  11. Laws a. Boyles Law-As the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure increases IF the temperature does not change Ex…..Helium balloons, scuba tanks b. Charles Law-as the temperature of a gasincreases, the volume increases IFthe pressure does not change Ex…….Hot air balloons, football, basketball

  12. D. Compositionof Matter • Materialsdiffer in terms of thekind of mattertheycontain. • Matter that has a uniform and definite composition is called a substance.Substances can be identified as either an element, compound, or a mixture.

  13. a. ELEMENT • A pure substance that cannot be broken down any further • contain just one type of atom • Atoms are the smallest part of an element • Symbol-represents an element • Examples might be Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H).These 4 are necessary to all life

  14. www.deckersfoods.com Atoms are extremely small. You do not need to memorize these but they are good trivia for possible EC • it would take a stack of about 50,000 aluminum atoms to equal the thickness of a sheet of aluminum foil from your kitchen. • if you could enlarge a penny until it was as wide as the US, each of its atoms would be only about 3 cm in diameter – about the size of a ping-pong ball • a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms wide. • a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion atoms. • a speck of dust might contain 3x1012 (3 trillion) atoms. • it would take you around 500 years to count the number of atoms in a grain of salt. C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more 1 trillion atoms  . Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms Just one of these grains

  15. b. Compounds • contains two or more different atoms joined together. • a molecule and it is the smallest part of a compound • a chemical reaction is needed to separate elements in a compound. • Examples would be water, salt, sugar • Represented by formulas: H2O, NaCl, C6H12O6

  16. Molecule-2 or more atoms combined ozone • This can be the same kind of atoms or different atoms. water Atoms and molecules are always in motion

  17. c. mixture • A mixture contains two or more different substances that are only be physically joined together, not chemically. • A mixture can contain both elements and compounds. There are two kinds of mixtures. • a. Homogenous-equal parts; evenly mixed solutions like saltwater or koolaid. • b. Homogeneous-uneven mix of parts. Many settle out depending on weight. Examples might include milk, muddy water and salad dressing

  18. E. Properties of Matter 1. Properties used to describe matter can be classified as: • Extensive– depends on the amountof matter in the sample - Mass, volume, calories are examples • Intensive– depends on the type of matter, not the amount present - Hardness, Density, Boiling Point

  19. 2. Types of properties are… • Physical Properties- a property that can be observed and measured without changing the material’s composition (identity). -Examples- color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, texture, odor, size • Chemical Properties- a property that can only be observed by changing the composition (identity) of the material. -Examples- ability to burn, decompose, ferment, react with oxygen, etc.

  20. F. Changes in Matter • Physical change-A type of changethatalters a material withoutchangingit’schemicalcomposition. • Boil, melt, cut, bend, split, crack • Is boiled water still water? • Is a cut piece of wood still wood? • Can be reversible, or irreversible

  21. 2. Chemical change- a change where a new substance is formed that is different than the original • Examples: Burning, corroding, decomposing • Evidence of a chemical change include • Energy (light, heat or both) is absorbed or released • Endothermic-heat is absorbed cooling temperatures • Exothermic-heat is released raising temperatures and often giving off light • Color changes • Gas production (bubbling, fizzing, or odor change; smoke) • Odor change-spoiled milk

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