Understanding the Human Body: Anatomy and Physiology Levels

1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Anatomy—Levels of Study Gross anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 14.1

4. Anatomy—Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d

5. Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ)‏ Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Figure 1.1

6. Levels of Structural Organization Molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Figure 1.1, step 1

7. Cellular Level • Chemical level – is the simplest level of the structural hierarchy • At this level, atoms(tiny building blocks of matter) combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins • Molecules associate in specific ways to form organelles (basic components of microscopic cells) • Cells are the smallest units of living things

8. Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Figure 1.1, step 2

9. Tissue Level • Tissue Level – 2nd level of the structural hierarchy • Tissues – are groups of similar cells that have a common function • 4 Tissue Types: epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, nervous tissue • Epithelium – covers the body surface & lines its cavities • Muscles – provides movement • Connective Tissue – supports and protects body organs • Nervous Tissue – provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses

10. Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Figure 1.1, step 3

11. Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ)‏ Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Figure 1.1, step 4

12. Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ)‏ Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Figure 1.1, step 5

13. Organ System • Organ System – 3rd level of the structural hierarchy • Organ – is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types • At the organ level extremely complex functions become possible • Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system • Ex: Organs of the cardiovascular system (mainly heart and blood vessels) see to it that blood circulates continuously to carry oxygen & nutrients to all body cells • Organ Systems: Cardiovascular, Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive, Lymphatic, Urinary, Reproductive

14. Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ)‏ Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Figure 1.1, step 6

15. Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external bodycovering Protects deeper tissue frominjury Helps regulate body temperature Location of cutaneousnerve receptors Figure 1.2a

16. Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supportsbody organs Provides muscleattachment for movement Site of blood cellformation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

17. Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

18. Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting controlsystem Responds to internal andexternal change Activates muscles andglands Figure 1.2d

19. Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatoryhormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e