FIRST AID AND CPR

1. FIRST AID AND CPR

2. TABLE OF CONTENT • INTRODUCTION • DEFINITIONS OF TERMS • QUALITIES OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER • LEGAL ASPECT OF PROVIDING FIRST AID • PRINCIPLE AND PRACTICE OF FIRST AID • ASSESSING A CASUALTY • CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION • PRACTICALS

3. INTRODUCTION What is First Aid? First aid is the immediate skilled care, initial assistance or treatment given to someone in need, injured or suddenly taken ill before the arrival of an ambulance, a professional medical person or movement to the hospital.

4. Who is a First Aider A First Aider is highly trained, knowledgeable, competent in theoretical and practical instructions and passed professionally supervised examination, with a certificate One who uses his/her first aid knowledge and skills to save themselves (self-aid) or others. They may be able to save a life, prevent permanent disability, or reduce long periods of hospitalization by knowing: - WHAT to do, - WHAT NOT to do, and - WHEN to seek medical assistance.

5. QUALITIES OF A FIRST AIDER A good head, trained hands and a willing heart • Observant • Careful • Confident • Resourceful • Truthful • Sympathetic • Persevering Prioritizing

6. AIMS OF FIRST AID • To save lives • To prevent permanent disability • To reduce long periods of hospitalization • To promote quick recovery • To save time • To save money

7. LEGAL ASPECTS OF PROVIDING FIRST AID • The Good Samaritan principle prevents someone who has voluntarily helped another in need from being sued for ‘wrongdoing.’ Since government want to encourage people to help others, they pass specific ‘Good Samaritan’ laws or apply the principle to common laws. You are generally protected from liability as long as: • You are reasonably careful, • You act in ''good faith’ (not for reward), • You do not provide care beyond your skill level. • If you decide to help an ill or injured person, you must not leave them until someone with equal or more emergency training takes over – unless of course, it becomes dangerous for you to stay.

8. CONSENT • Consent means permission. A responsive adult must agree to receive first aid care. ‘Expressed Consent’ means the victim gives his or her permission to receive care. To get consent, first identify yourself. Then tell the victim your level of training and ask if it’s okay to help. “Implied Consent” means that permission to perform first aid care on an unresponsive victim is assumed. This is based on the idea that a reasonable person would give their permission to receive lifesaving first aid if they were able.

9. EMOTIONAL ASPECT OF PROVIDING FIRST AID • Both the first aid provider and the victim may suffer emotional distress during and/or following a traumatic incident. The seriousness or horror of the incident will be a factor in determining the amount of emotional distress. It may be worse in Human- made events; for example, a terrorist attack or mass shooting. Providing first aid care for a seriously injured or ill child is generally more emotionally difficult than caring for an adult • Symptoms of a traumatic stress reaction include a pounding heartbeat and fast breathing which may begin during or within minutes of the traumatic event. Feeling of guilt for not having done more, worrying about the safety of loved ones, nightmares, thinking about the event repeatedly may follow the incident. • Stress reactions are a normal, human response to a traumatic event and are usually temporal. With the help of family and friends, most people gradually feel better as times goes by. If you feel you need extra help coping after a traumatic event, call your doctor. The organisation you work for may have an Employee Assistance Program available to help you.

10. INFECTIOUS DISEASES • The risk of getting expose to a disease while giving first aid is extremely low, even so, it is prudent to protect yourself from any exposure • Blood borne pathogens are viruses or bacteria that are carried in blood and can cause disease in people. There are many different blood borne pathogens, but Hepatitis B (HBV) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are the two diseases commonly addressed by health and safety standards. ‘Universal Precaution’ is a way to limit the spread of disease by preventing contact with the blood and certain body fluids. To ‘observe Universal Precautions’ means that whether or not you think the victim’s blood or body fluid is infected, you act as if it is.

11. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT • Personal protective equipment provides a barrier between you and the victim’s blood or body fluid. Disposable gloves are the most recognised barrier and should always be worn whenever blood or body fluids are or may become present. PREVENTION • To reduce the risk of infection, you should: • Always wear Personal protective equipment in first aid situation • Carefully remove gloves, clothing, and any other contaminated material. • After proving first aid, wash your hands and other expose skin thoroughly with antibacterial soap and worm water. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub • Do not eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics, lib balm, or handle contact lenses until you have washed your hands after performing first aid.

12. CPR Pocket /Rescue Mask CPR Face Shield Disposable Gloves Bag / Valve / Mask Device

13. First aid priorities • A-assess a situation quickly and calmly • P- protect yourself and any casualty from danger • P- Prevent cross infection between yourself and casualty as far as possible • C- Comfort and reassure casualty at all times • A- Assess the casualty- identify the injury or nature of illness • G- Give early treatment- most serious (life threatening) condition first • A- Arrange for appropriate help- call emergency help. Stay with the casualty until care is available

14. Assessing a Casualty • Primary Survey (DR ABC)- This is a quick systematic assessment of a person to establish if any condition or injury sustained is life threatening. • By following a methodical sequence using establish techniques each life-threatening condition can be identified in a priority order and dealt with on a ‘find and treat basis’

15. R= Response Checking for Response (AVPU) • Assessing whether a casualty is conscious or unconscious. • Shake the casualty’s shoulders ------Adult • Tap the casualty’s shoulders ------Child • Tap the casualty’s foot --------------Infant

16. A= Airway Checking for Airways • Check that the casualty’ airways is open and cleared. • If alert and talking – the airway is open and cleared • If unconscious – the airways may be obstructed. Open and clear the airway How to open the airways • Lift the chin and tilt the head backward

17. B=Breathing Breathing (LLF) • Look, listen and feel for normal breaths. • If he is alert and/or talking to you he will be breathing. • If an unconscious casualty is not breathing the heart will stop. Chest compression & rescue breaths must be started

18. C=Circulation Checking for Circulation • Are there any sign of severe bleeding? • Condition that affect blood circulation can also be life threatening. Injuries that result in severe bleeding can cause blood loss from the circulatory system so must be treated immediately to minimize the risk of shock.

19. Secondary survey • History (mechanism of injury) Event & Previous Medical History Event History Find out what happened, the casualty or bystanders can tell you. Look for clues Previous Medical History This may have nothing to do with the present condition, it could be a clue to the cause. Clues to the existence of such condition may include a medical bracelet or medication in the casualty’s possessions.

20. CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST

21. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is used to restore the heartbeat in a victim whose heart has stopped—a condition known as cardiac arrest. • Symptoms of this life-threatening condition may include crushing pain or pressure behind the breastbone; pain in the arms, neck, or shoulder; anxiety and a feeling of impending(threatening) doom; difficulty breathing; heavy perspiration(fluid lost from the body both in the form of sweat); weakness; nausea(urge to vomit); and loss of consciousness.

22. CPR: combines the techniques of artificial respiration with the application of external heart massage to keep blood flowing through the victim’s body. • The first-aid provider positions the victim face up on a firm surface and clears the airway of any obstructions. • To maintain an open airway, the head is tilted back and the chin lifted forward.

23. CPR RATIO • ADULT 30/2 TWO HANDS • CHILD 30/2 ONE HAND • INFANT 30/2 TWOFINGERS American Heart Association& American Red Cross

24. PRACTICALS

25. REMOVING GLOVESAFTER GIVING CARE AND MAKING SURE TO NEVER TOUCH THE BARE SKIN WITH THE OUTSIDE OF EITHER GLOVE: SLIP TWO FINGERS UNDER GLOVEHold the glove in the palm of the remaining glovedhand. Slip two fingers under the glove at the wristof the remaining gloved hand. PULL GLOVE OFFPull the glove until it comes off, inside out, so thatthe first glove ends up inside the glove just removed. PINCH GLOVEPinch the palm side of one glove near the wrist.Carefully pull the glove off so that it is inside out.

26. Open an unconscious person’s airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique Check for breathing for no more than 10 seconds

27. To give chest compressions: Push straight down with the weight of your body. B, Release, allowing the chest to return to its normal position. Place your other hand directly on top of the first hand. Try to keep your fingers off of the chest by interlacing them or holding them upward RESCUE BREATHE If you have arthritis in your hands, you can give compressions by grasping the wrist of the hand positioned on the chest with your other hand.

28. stoma A stoma is an opening in the neck that allows a person to breathe after certain surgeries on the airway. Courtesy of the International Association of Laryngectomy (the surgical removal of all or part of the larynx.). RECOVERY POSITION An infant recovery position To give rescue breaths into a stoma, make an airtight seal with your lips around the stoma or use a round paediatric resuscitation mask and blow in to make chest clearly rise. Paediatric: disease prevention mask

29. shock CHOKING Help the person going into shock to lie down and keep him or her from getting chilled or overheated. a state of physiological collapse, marked by a weak pulse, coldness, sweating, and irregular breathing, and resulting from a situation such as blood loss, heart failure, allergic reaction, or emotional trauma Clutching the throat with one or both hands is universally recognized as a signal for choking.

30. BACK BLOWS & ABDOMINAL THRUST

31. If a conscious child has a completely blocked airway: C, Give back blows. D, Then give abdominal thrusts, as you would for an adult.

32. For a choking person in a wheelchair,give abdominal thrusts. Give chest thrusts to a choking person who is obviously pregnant or known to be pregnant or is too large for you to reach around.

33. Chest Thrust Pressing Abdomen against any hard objectIf you are alone and choking; A, Bend over and press your abdomen against any firm object, such as the back of a chair. • To give chest thrusts, sandwich the • infant between your forearms. Continue • To support the infant’s head. Backblow A , To give back blows, position the infant so that he or she is face-down along your forearm..

34. B. Turn the infant onto his or her back keeping the infant’s head lower than the chest. Give 5 chest thrusts. • Self abdominal thrusts • B, Or, give yourself abdominal thrusts by using your hands, just as you would do to another person • Back blow • B, Give 5 firm back blows with • the heel of your hand while • supporting the arm that is holding • the infant on your thigh

35. SUPPORT INJURED PART POSITION SLING BANDAGING BIND WITH BANDAGEBind the injured body part to the chest with a folded triangular bandage. CHECK CIRCULATION

36. Techniques for Moving an Injured or Ill Person • Once you decide to move an injured or ill person, you must quickly decide how to do so. Carefully consider your safety and the safety of the person. Move an injured or ill person only when it is safe for you to do so and there is an immediate life threat. • Base your decision on the dangers you are facing, the size and condition of the person, your abilities and physical condition, and whether you have any help.

37. To improve your chances of successfully moving an injured or ill person without injuring yourself or the person: ■ Use your legs, not your back, when you bend. ■ Bend at the knees and hips and avoid twisting your body. ■ Walk forward when possible, taking small steps and looking where you are going. ■ Avoid twisting or bending anyone with a possible head, neck or spinal injury. ■ Do not move a person who is too large to move comfortably.

38. WALKING ASSIST In a walking assist, your body acts as a crutch, supporting the person’s weight while you both walk. Two responders may be needed for the walking assist.

39. The pack-strap carry The two-person seat carry THE CLOTHES DRAG • The clothes drag can be used to move a conscious or unconscious person with a suspected head, neck or spinal injury. This move helps keep the person’s head, neck and back stabilized. Grasp the person’s clothing behind the neck, gathering enough to secure a firm grip.