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Innate Immune Response (Ch14)

Innate Immune Response (Ch14). Overview of Innate Defense System. First lines of Defense. Physical Barriers Skin Mucous membranes Antimicrobial substances Lysozyme Peroxidase enzyme Lactoferrin Defensins Normal Flora. Epithelial Barriers. Skin as the first line of defense.

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Innate Immune Response (Ch14)

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  1. Innate Immune Response (Ch14)

  2. Overview of Innate Defense System

  3. First lines of Defense • Physical Barriers • Skin • Mucous membranes • Antimicrobial substances • Lysozyme • Peroxidase enzyme • Lactoferrin • Defensins • Normal Flora

  4. Epithelial Barriers

  5. Skin as the first line of defense • Intact skin protects • Epidermis • Dermis

  6. Mucous membranes line the interior of the body

  7. Ciliated cells are important…where?

  8. Antimicrobial Substances

  9. Microbial Barriers • Normal flora (biota) play a role in keeping the body protected • Competitive exclusion • E. coli produce bacteriocins which kill Salmonella and Shigella

  10. Cells of the Immune System • Cells move from one system to the next • Found in blood, developed from bone marrow • What are some of these cells?? • Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) • Mononuclear phagocytes • Dendritic cells • Lymphocytes

  11. Dendritic cells • Branched cells, important in adaptive immunity • Develop from monocytes, engulf material and bring it to other cells for analysis

  12. How do cells of the immune system communicate? • Cytokines • Chemokines • Colony-stimulating factors • Interferons • Interleukins • Tumor Necrosis factors

  13. Cytokines and their function

  14. Interferons • Three types of glycoproteins • Alpha • Beta • Produced by virus infected host cells, induce mRNA for antiviral proteins • Gamma • Produced by lymphocytes

  15. Interferons inhibit viral replication

  16. Sensor systems in the blood, tissues and cells • Can detect signs of tissue damage or microbial invasion • Respond by • Detecting parts of bacteria/viruses using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) • Directly destroy bacteria using complement • Recruit other components of host defense

  17. Pattern Recognition Receptors • Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) • Membrane bound receptors which detect bacterial parts • NOD-like receptors (NLRs) • Cytoplasmic proteins detect bacterial parts • RIG-like receptors (RLRs) • Cytoplasmic proteins detect viral RNA

  18. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) • A type of PRR • Recognize peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, certain nucleotide sequences unique to bacteria

  19. Toll-like receptors

  20. NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

  21. RIG-like receptors • Cytoplasmic proteins which detect viral RNA in a cell • Activate secretion of interferon and inflammatory response chemicals • Overall goal is to inhibit viral replication

  22. Complement Proteins are part of the Complement system • Consists of a collection of 9 interacting proteins found in blood and tissues • Activation of these proteins promote • Opsonization • Inflammatory response • Lysis of foreign cell

  23. How are the complement proteins activated?

  24. Regulation of the complement system

  25. What have we covered so far? • The innate immune system is composed of • Cells • Chemicals released by cells to communicate with each other • Receptors to recognize invaders • We need to look at the processes of phagocytosis and inflammation

  26. How do phagocytes work?

  27. Fever is a nonspecific response • Il-1 increases T lymphocytes • Decreases available iron • Increases cellular reactions

  28. Inflammation response • What are the key cells involved? • What are the four key symptoms of inflammation? • What activates the inflammation response?

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