Imperialism or… The Beginning of Us Ruling the World

1. Imperialism or… The Beginning of Us Ruling the World Manifest Destiny! XXXXXX

2. Performance Indicators • Describe the causes of and major events associated with the United States becoming an imperial power in the late 19th century • Analyze the scope and evolution of various United States foreign policies in the early part of the 20th century (Compare Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy, William Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy, and Woodrow Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy) X

3. Major Understandings There were a variety of both domestic and foreign reasons why the US in the late 19th century sought to become an imperial power As a result, the US acquired overseas territories such as the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Puerto Rico and oversight of Cuba as a result of the Spanish American War; and annexed the Hawaiian Islands. The US’s new role in the world was interpreted differently by Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft and Woodrow Wilson: Roosevelt’s was much more aggressive (Big Stick), Taft’s relied on the US’s economic power (Dollar Diplomacy) and Wilson tried to repair the negative image abroad with “Moral Diplomacy” Each had its successes and limitations. X

4. Essential Questions Why and how did the US become an imperial power in the late 19th Century? How did this new status influence the foreign policies of Presidents Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson? X

5. Content Imperialism, Spanish-American War, Treaty of Paris, Annexation of Hawaii, Big Stick, Dollar Diplomacy, Moral Diplomacy, Panama Canal, Open Door, Boxer Rebellion, X

6. Skills Explain why and how the US became an imperialist power in the late 19th Century Discuss the differences between the foreign policies of Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson X

7. What is Imperialism? Stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations - economically, politically, culturally or militarily.

9. The White Man’s Burden Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem about how Whites were responsible to give the “savages’ The benefit of their knowledge and culture “Take up the white man’s burden Send forth the best ye breed” “Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.”

10. “The English race was destined to dominate the globe in the institutions, traditions, language and blood of the world’s people” John Fiske, historian and popular lecturer “The Anglo-Saxon was designed to be his brother’s keeper.” Josiah Strong, Congregationalist Minister X

11. 1904 World’s Fair • Saint Louis Exposition Shipped in “natives” from many countries around the world and set up “villages” so the white folks could view them and observe their customs Planted the idea that whites were better and more advanced than other races and cultures

12. Plan to Expand U.S. became too successful - producing too much, needed more places to sell Wanted to sell U.S. products to other countries and carry democratic values and Christianity to others around the world. Great Britain, France and Russia were already taking over countries all over the world for the same reasons.

14. 1867 - we annexed Midway Islands 1875 - signed deal with Hawaii - they could sell the U.S. sugar with no tax, as long as they didn’t sell any land to other countries American businessman provided financial services to Costa Rica and got use of land there. Exported 50 million bunches of bananas back to U.S. dominated governments of Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras; known as Banana Republics

15. By 1900, the U.S. had the most powerful Navy in the world, so they could back up their dominance with power. Was Imperialism a new form of Manifest Destiny? Others believed in Social Darwinism - we were a superior people, survival of the fittest, baby!

17. Spanish American War Cuba was under Spain’s control. Cubans rebelled, Over 200,000 Cubans were killed. President McKinley moved U.S. battleship Maine into Havana Harbor to protect American citizens and property. Ship was blown up, killed 250 sailors. Most likely an accident, but many blamed Spain. Spain also controlled the Philippines. We declared war against Spain.

18. Yellow Journalism William Randolph Hearst, a wealthy Newspaper owner, wrote sensational stories so more people would buy his paper. He printed many stories about Spain’s bad treatment of the Cubans, and blamed the Spanish for the explosion of the Maine. He convinced many Americans it was right to go to war and put a lot of pressure on the president! “You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war!”

19. Hearst was trying to compete with Pulitzer’s paper, The World, to see who could sell the most newspapers. They came up with a lot of sensational headlines that weren’t always true to try to get people to buy their papers. Joe Pulitzer

20. Pulitzer’s newspaper dug up a lot of corruption among politicians--at one point Teddy Roosevelt and JP Morgan indicted Pulitzer for libel for writing about a $40 million deal they made with Panama for the Panama Canal. Pulitzer also helped raise money to make the base in New York Harbor so the Statue of Liberty (a gift from France) could be put on it

21. U.S.S. Maine

23. U.S.S. Maine after the explosion.

26. We were never sure why the Maine blew up • Attacked by the Spanish? • Hit a mine in Havana Harbor? • The two tons of explosives on the ship were ignited by a coal explosion on the ship? But the Yellow Journalism back in the U.S. always pinned the “attack” on the Spanish

27. Teddy Roosevelt (who later became President) led his Cavalry (the Rough Riders) up San Juan Hill in Cuba as part of the attack. Several of the units were Black Cavalry units that really made the attack successful. Battle Cry “Remember the Maine!” 2,500 Americans died in the short war, mostly from food poisoning, yellow fever, malaria, and poor medical care.

30. Spoils of War We signed Treaty of Paris in 1898 with Spain. Since we won, we got the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Many Americans argued that people in these countries deserved liberty and not to be dominated by the U.S.

31. The Philippines had been dominated by Spain, when the U.S. took over the Filipinos thought they would be free. But the U.S. took over the Philippines.

32. At first the Filipinos flew their flag proudly to show their independence. In July, 1898, when the U.S. troops landed: “I knew the moment of truth was near. The Americanos had come wither to free us or to enslave us. I was ready to greet them with an embrace or a bullet.” Philippine rebels fought against the U.S. for years and gained their independence in 1946. The U.S. had killed over 200,000 Filipinos.

34. Senator Hoar says Imperialism sucks (1905) “You chose war instead of peace. You talked of the wealth of the Phillipine Islands and about our advantage in trade. What have we accomplished? You have wasted 600 million dollars and sacrificed thousands of American lives. You have slain uncounted thousands of Filipinos. You have succeeded in converting a people into sullen and irreconcilable enemies, possessed of a hatred which many decades cannot eradicate.”

35. Senator Hoar also said: “We crushed the Philippines, deprived them of their independence and established an American power against their will. No man, I think, will seriously question that that action was contrary to the Declaration of Independence.”

36. Why did McKinley decide to take the Philippines? “We could not give them back to Spain, that would be cowardly and dishonorable. We could not let France or Germany take them over. We could not let them govern themselves, they were unfit for self government. We had to take them all and to educate them, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them and do the best we could by them. Did we need their consent o perform a great act of humanity? It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade.”

37. Cuba • U.S. installed a military government in Cuba • Tried to get Cubans to write their own Constitution, but wanted U.S. to have two Naval bases there and not let Cuba ally itself with another country. • Eventually the Cubans totally split from the U.S. and became a communist country under their leader Fidel Castro.

38. That’s why we still have Guantanamo Bay military base in Cuba--leftover from the Spanish American War. Today Guantanamo Bay is our prison for suspected terrorists, although Obama says he’ll close it. Will we give that land back to Cuba?

39. Funky Fidel Castro

40. Che Guevara Fidel’s Little Friend, helped Fidel overthrow the Cuban gov. put in by the U.S.

41. Annexation of Hawaii • Hawaii was important geographically to U.S. • Hawaii leased Pearl Harbor to the U.S. • Hawaiian-born planters forced King Kalakaua to hand over control of the government • President McKinley said it was Manifest Destiny that the U.S. take over • If the U.S. didn’t take control of Hawaii would the Russians, British or French?

42. Hawaiians signed a petition asking the U.S. to not take them over

43. Queen Liliuokalani Was imprisoned in Iolani Palace for a year when the overthrow happened in 1893

44. Panama Canal • Needed a shorter route between Atlantic and Pacific • Panama belonged to Columbia • U.S. didn’t want to pay the price • Encouraged Panama to revolt against Columbia, gave U.S. naval support offshore. • Panama wins their independence • U.S. bought strip of land from Panama for $10 million

47. Was the U.S. a Big Bully? • Many criticized President Roosevelt for interfering in another country’s business. • Left a long heritage of ill will among Latin Americans toward the U.S. - they were becoming haters! • After Teddy Roosevelt died, Congress voted in 1921 to pay Columbia $25 million for the Panama Canal

48. Open Door Policy We realized China was important--they had a lot of customers for our businesses. Other countries were also interested in China - Russia, Germany, Britain and France also wanted some control or influence over China U.S. started to promote the Open Door Policy to those other countries, so they all could have access X

49. Boxer Rebellion Chinese resented other countries trying to dominate them. The Righteous and Harmonious Fists, or Boxers, started a rebellion in 1900. 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese people were killed. European powers eventually defeated the Boxers The U.S. stood strong that China should not be overtaken by any other country. X