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C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008). The Perfect System (from Chapters 31-33). Shelmerdine Chapter 31. The perfect system The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4 th principal part)

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C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

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  1. C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) The Perfect System (from Chapters 31-33)

  2. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 • The perfect system • The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part) • The dative of personal agent • The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal parts) • Result (consecutive) clauses

  3. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 parse/parsing • 1st, 2ndor 3RD PERSON • SINGULAR or PLURAL • PRESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE, AORIST, PERFECT or PLUPERFECT • INDICATIVE, INFINITIVE, IMPERATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, OPTATIVE, PARTICIPLE • ACTIVE, MIDDLE, PASSIVE

  4. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 1. The perfect system • The perfect tense refers to a completed action which results in the current situation. • Recall that the aorist tense refers to a single past action. • Recall that the imperfect tense refers to ongoing or repeated past action.

  5. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 1. The perfect system • Imperfect (incomplete past) • I was climbing the tree. • Aorist (single action) • I climbed the tree. • Perfect (completed action) • I have climbed the tree.

  6. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 1. The perfect system • The present, imperfect, and aorist tenses together make up about 90% of the verb forms in most ancient Greek texts. • The present, future, imperfect, aorist and perfect tenses together make up over 99% of the verb forms in most ancient Greek texts.

  7. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 • The perfect system • The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part) • The dative of personal agent • The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal parts) • Result (consecutive) clauses

  8. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • The perfect adds a reduplication to the beginning of the stem. • For a stem beginning with a consonant, this reduplication means the consonant doubles, separated by an -ε- • λυ-  λελυ- • γραφ-  γεγραφ-

  9. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • The perfect adds a reduplication to the beginning of the stem. • Most verbs also add the tense marker -κ- to the end of the stem. • λυ-  λελυκ-

  10. singular -α (I) -ας (you) -ε(ν) (s/he, it) plural -αμεν (we) -ατε (you, y’all) -ασι(ν) (they) Shelmerdine Chapter 31 the endings for the perfect (like the weak [1st] aorist endings, except in the 3rd plural)

  11. singular λέλυκα λέλυκας λέλυκε plural λελύκαμεν λελύκατε λελύκασι Shelmerdine Chapter 31 perfect tense stem = λελυκ Note the addition of both the reduplication and the κto the stem.

  12. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • The perfect tense refers to a completed action which results in the current situation. • The pluperfect tense refers to a completed action which resulted in a specific situation in the past.

  13. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • Imperfect (incomplete past) • I was climbing the tree. • Aorist (single action) • I climbed the tree. • Perfect (completed action) • I have climbed the tree. • Pluperfect (completed action in the past) • I had climbed the tree.

  14. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • The pluperfect is the secondary version of the perfect indicative, so it adds an augment (like the imperfect and aorist). • Like the perfect tense, it adds both a reduplication to the beginning of the stem and the tense marker -κ- to the end of the stem. • λυ-  ἐλελυκ-

  15. singular ἐλελύκην ἐλελύκης ἐλελύκει(ν) plural ἐλελύκεμεν ἐλελύκετε ἐλελύκεσαν Shelmerdine Chapter 31 pluperfect tense stem = ἐλελυκ Note the addition of the augment, reduplication andκto the stem.

  16. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 2. The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • Watch out for the pluperfect in the readings, but it is a very rare tense and you are not responsible for it in this class.

  17. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Looking up a Greek verb The 1st sg present indicative active is the first principal part of a verb • ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring • γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write • διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue • λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free • πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade • πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send

  18. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Looking up a Greek verb The 1st sg future indicative active is the second principal part of a verb • ἄγω,ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring • γράφω,γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write • διώκω,διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue • λύω,λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free • πείθω,πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade • πέμπω,πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send

  19. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Looking up a Greek verb The 1st sg aorist indicative active is the third principal part of a verb • ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring • γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write • διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue • λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free • πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade • πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send

  20. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Looking up a Greek verb The 1st sg perfect indicative active is the fourth principal part of a verb • ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχαlead, bring • γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφαwrite • διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχαpursue • λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκαloose, set free • πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικαpersuade • πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφαsend

  21. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 • The perfect system • The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part) • The dative of personal agent • The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal parts) • Result (consecutive) clauses

  22. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part) • The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive use the same stem as the active, except without the -κ- marker. • For reference, this stem is shown in the 5th principal part.

  23. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 3. The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part) • The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative use the standard endings: • primary endings -μαι-σαι-ται-μεθα-σθε-νταιfor the present, future, and perfect tenses. • secondary endings -μην-σο-το-μεθα-σθε-ντοfor the imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect tenses.

  24. ACTIVE singular λέλυκα λέλυκας λέλυκε plural λελύκαμεν λελύκατε λελύκασι MIDDLE/PASSIVE singular λέλυμαι λέλυσαι λέλυται plural λελύμεθα λέλυσθε λέλυνται Shelmerdine Chapter 31 perfect tense stem = λελυ(+ κin active)

  25. ACTIVE singular ἐλελύκην ἐλελύκης ἐλελύκει plural ἐλελύκεμεν ἐλελύκετε ἐλελύκεσαν MIDDLE/PASSIVE singular ἐλελύμην ἐλέλυσο ἐλέλυτο plural ἐλελύμεθα ἐλέλυσθε ἐλέλυντο Shelmerdine Chapter 31 pluperfect tense stem = ἐλελυ(+ κin active)

  26. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 • The perfect system • The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part) • The dative of personal agent • The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal parts) • Result (consecutive) clauses

  27. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Genitive of agent • When a sentence is passive, the agent of the action normally goes in the genitive following ὑπό: • ὁ Περικλῆς διώκει τοὺς Πέρσας. • “Pericles pursues the Persians.” (active) • οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ὑπὸ τοῦ Περικλέους. • “The Persians are pursued by Pericles.” (passive)

  28. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 Genitive of agent • An instrument is expressed by the dative, whether the verb is active or passive: • ὁ Περικλῆς διώκει ἁμάξῃ τοὺς Πέρσας. • “Pericles pursues the Persians in a chariot.” • οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ἁμάξῃ ὑπὸ τοῦ Περικλέους. • “The Persians are pursued by Pericles in a chariot.” • οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ἁμάξαις. • “The Persians are pursued by chariots.”

  29. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 4. The dative of personal agent • When the verb is perfect and passive, however, the personal agent is usually in the dative: • ὁ Περικλῆς λέλυκετοὺς ἵππους. • “Pericles has set the horses free.” • οἱ ἵπποι λέλυνταιτῷΠερικλεῖ. • “The horses have been set free by Pericles.”

  30. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 • The perfect system • The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part) • The dative of personal agent • The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal parts) • Result (consecutive) clauses

  31. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal parts) • perfect infinitives • endings: –έναι (active) –σθαι (middle) •  λελυκέναι(active) λελύσθαι(middle) • The accent for these infinitives is fixed on the penult.

  32. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 5. The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal parts) • The perfect infinitive is used only to emphasize the completeness of some action: • οὐκ ἐθέλω λύειν τὴν πόλιν· ἀλλ’ ἐθέλω καταλελύσθαι. • I don’t want to set the city free: I want it completely destroyed!”

  33. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 • The 2nd (strong) perfect active • Reduplication • The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • The perfect active participle • The perfect middle/passive participle • Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

  34. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 1. The 2nd (strong) perfect active • The term 2nd (strong) perfect refers to verb which does not add the tense marker -κ- to form its perfect stem. • This happens almost always because adding -κ to the verb stem would make it difficult or unpleasant to pronounce.

  35. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 Looking up a Greek verb The 1st sg perfect indicative active is the fourth principal part of a verb • ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχαlead, bring • γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφαwrite • διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχαpursue • λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκαloose, set free • πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικαpersuade • πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφαsend

  36. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 • The 2nd (strong) perfect active • Reduplication • The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • The perfect active participle • The perfect middle/passive participle • Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

  37. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 2. Reduplication • The reduplication necessary to form the perfect stem might also be modified for pronunciation purposes. • For a stem beginning with an aspirated consonant, reduplication means only the stop consonant doubles, not the aspiration: • θυ-  τεθυ-

  38. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 2. Reduplication • The reduplication necessary to form the perfect stem might also be modified for pronunciation purposes. • For a stem beginning with a sigma, reduplication usually means adding the -ἐ- but not doubling the σ: • στρατεύ-  σεστρατευκ-  ἐστρατευκ- • ἵστημι (στη-)  ἑστηκ-

  39. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 2. Reduplication • The reduplication necessary to form the perfect stem might also be modified for pronunciation purposes. • For a stem beginning with a vowel, reduplication means effectively lengthening the vowel: • ἀ-, ἐ-  ἠ- • ὀ-  ὠ- • ἰ-  ἰ- • ὐ-  ὐ-

  40. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 • The 2nd (strong) perfect active • Reduplication • The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • The perfect active participle • The perfect middle/passive participle • Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

  41. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • Also for purposes of pronunciation, if the stem of the verb ends in a consonant, some assimilation takes place with the consonant of the ending. • Recall the basic relationship of the consonants (Shelmerdine page 2).

  42. Shelmerdine Chapter 32

  43. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • Middle verb endings start with one of five consonant sounds: • μ (μαι, μην, μεθα, μένος –η –ον) • σ (σαι, σο) • τ (ται, το) • σθ (σθε, σθαι) • ντ (νται, ντο)

  44. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • Labials and palatals assimilate to the voice and aspiration of the adjacent consonant. • Dentals become σ throughout.

  45. Shelmerdine Chapter 32

  46. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • The third person plural endings (νται, ντο) yield clusters too complicated to be pronounced smoothly (e.g., μντ, σντ, γντ), especially for a construction used only rarely.

  47. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • Consequently, Greek substitutes a periphrastic (using multiple words to substitute for a single one) construction: the perfect passive participle + 3rd person plural form of εἰμί. • For γράφω, for example, instead of *γέγραμνται, we find γεγραμμένοι εἰσι, literally “having been written, they are”  “they have been written.”

  48. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 • The 2nd (strong) perfect active • Reduplication • The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • The perfect active participle • The perfect middle/passive participle • Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

  49. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 • 4. The perfect active participle • To form the perfect active participle, • to the perfect active stem, add • -ώς –υῖα –ός(nominative singular endings) • -ν- disappearsin the masculine/neuter, • -υι- replaces -ουσ- in the feminine, • but otherwise identical to the present active. • λελυκώς λελυκυῖα λελυκόςκτλ. (p. 244)

  50. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 • The 2nd (strong) perfect active • Reduplication • The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • The perfect active participle • The perfect middle/passive participle • Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

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