FORMAT OF A REPORT

1. FORMAT OF A REPORT STRUCTURE/COMPOSITION NUMBERING SYSTEM APA CITATION (American Psychological Association)

2. STRUCTURE

3. STRUCTURE cont…

4. Decimal numbering system Organize headings, sections & subsections Do not exceed 3-level of heading & subheadings NUMBERING SYSTEM IN-TEXT See sample

5. TABLE OF CONTENT Decimal system List all headings, sub(s) According to the in-text numbering NUMBERING SYSTEM cont… 1.0 Introduction ……………………………………………... 1 1.1 Statement of the problem …………………………… 2 1.2 Research questions ………………………………….. 3 2.0 Introduction……………………………………………….. 4 2.1 Research in the West ………………………………... 5 2.1.1 Question Formation in ESL Classes …………… 6

6. IN-TEXT CITATION Avoid PLAGIARISM! APA STYLE CITATION 5 common types

7. Incorporated in the text Use quotation marks Blocked in separate paragraph (one space) Indented 0.6” (left and right margin). Quotation marks are not used (1) SHORT QUOTATION (2) LONG QUOTATION (>30 words)

8. Certain parts of the citation are omitted Dots are used Grammatically accurate (3) OMISSION IN QUOTATION (4) REFERRED CITATION • Other author’s work is referred, not quoted • Mention author’s name • Synthesized information properly cited

9. (5) ELECTRONIC CITATION • Quotation marks used to indicate citation • Longer than 30 words (refer to block citation) It was suggested that students using internet for their information retrieval should be given “thorough training on the proper citation to avoid plagiarism” (Beutler, 2004, Conclusion section, para 1). Surname of the author Article’s paragraph Article section Year of publication Commas used to separate Capitalized initial letter

10. APA STYLE CITATION cont… • All reference used in report must be listed • Double-space between citations • List not numbered • Alphabetical order BIBLIOGRAPHY • BOOKS • ELCTRONIC PUBLICATIONS • PERIODICALS • ENCYCLOPEDIA • AUDIO VISUAL RESOURCES The endclick here

11. Sample of short quotation Surname of the author Year of publication in the brackets Schiffrin (1994) had pointed out that the study and analysis of discourse “provides an additional and refreshing approach to the study and understanding of human language” (1994, p.264). Quotation marks at the beginning & at the end of the citation • In brackets include the year(optional) followed with a comma(,). • p(for page) or pp(for pages) a period(.) before the page number. • Full stop comes after the close bracket. Back to main page

12. Sample of long quotation Direct quotation block and separated Many studies that involved both English and Malay had been carried out off late. These included studies on code-switching and mixed language. Ozog (1987), for instance, mentioned in his research: The Malay syntactic patterns often influenced the use of English in the Malay ESL discourse and that the patterns conformed to the patterns that had been described at length by many Malaysian linguists (p.73). Indented 0.6” both sides • Page number in brackets • A period comes after close bracket Back to main page

13. Sample of omission in quotation Quotation marks used at the beginning & at the end of citation According to Tongue (1974), it was pointed out that “one grammatical component that was usually omitted…is the object pronoun”(p.85). Dots are used to indicate omission and continuation of different parts of information Two separate parts of information taken from the same author’s work combined as one sentence - grammatically accurate - with 3 dots (…) Back to main page

14. Sample of referred citation Two authors of the same work Two studies referred Robert Bley-Vroman and Naoko Yoshinaga (2000) studied the acquisition of WH-questions in high proficiency non-native speakers of English with reference to the study done earlier by Porayska-Pomsta (1997) in relation to learning behaviour. • Author’s name • The year of publication in brackets Back to main page

15. BOOK (1 author) 1 author: Betty Schrampfer Azar Title of the book in Italics Azar, B. S. (1992). Fundamentals of English Grammar.New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents. Publication year in brackets Comma, then 1 space Place (state) of publication Publisher followed by a period Colon after publication place then space Each initial letter of the book title is capitalized Book (2 authors)click here Back to main page

16. BOOK (2 authors) Second author’s surname Surname of the first author Second author’s first name initial comes first Platt, J. T. & H. Weber. (1990). English in Singapore and Malaysia. Oxford : Oxford University Press. One space then (and – can use &) then one space Middle and first name initials Separated one space with periods Additional line(s) are indented 6 spaces Book (Edited)click here Back to main page

17. BOOK (Edited) A period Indented 6 spaces • Letheridge, S., & C. R. Cannon (Eds.). (1980). Bilingual Education. New York: Praeger. • Two editors “Eds.” • One editor “Ed.” • In brackets, close bracket followed with a period then space Back to main page

18. Internet If there is the date of article’s publication, indicate Reid, A. (no date). A Practical Guide for Writing Proposals . Retrieved October 24, 2003, from http://www.leo.stcloudstate.edu/write/proposals.html Title of the article retrieved Complete Url address Note: If the author is not identified begin with the title of the document. CD-ROMclick here Back to main page

19. CD-ROM Title of the CD-ROM Interactive course of English Euro+ REWARDS (Intermediate ed.), [CD- ROM]. (1998). Available: Macmillan publishers limited [2003, November 15]. In square brackets indicate the type In brackets indicate the edition In brackets year of publication Date of access Back to main page

20. Periodicals (Newspaper) • Title of the article taken from NST • In sentence form (capitalize only the first word initial) Friedman, R. A. Why the liars are so ubiquitous. (2003, August 10). New Sunday Times, pp. F8 & F11. In brackets (year,space month day) • Initial letters of the newspaper’s title are capitalized • Newspapers’ title is italicized Pages (pp.) the article was taken Journalsclick here Back to main page

21. Periodicals (Journal) Volume number followed with comma and space Lyster, R. (1999). Question forms, conditionals, and second- person pronouns used by adolescent native speakers across two levels of formality in written and spoken French. The Modern Language Journal, 80, 165-182. Initial letters (Journal’s title) are capitalized Journal’s title italicized • Page numbers • Ends with a period Magazineclick here Back to main page

22. Periodicals (Magazine) • In brackets indicate year followed with comma, month • Close bracket followed by a period. Garner, H. J. (1997, July). Do babies have a universal song?Psychology Today,102, 70- 77. • Title of the article • Sentence form • Title of the magazine • Italicized • Initials capitalized Back to main page

23. Encyclopedia Preposition used Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The New Encyclopedia  Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501- 508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. Volume no. and pages in brackets Back to main page

24. Audio-visual resource (Films/videos) Scmitdh A. G. (Producer), & Spielberg, S. (Director). (2003). Winter on the Moon[Motion picture]. California: Century Fox. In square brackets indicate type In brackets indicate year of production Production company Music/songclick here Back to main page

25. Audio-visual resource (Music/song) Title of the song Composer Jackson, M. (1999). Call the man[Recorded by Celline Dion]. On Falling into You[CD]. New York: BMI Music Limited. • Title of the album • Italicized • Initials capitalized • In square brackets indicate singer • If the composer is the singer, do not have to repeat The endclick here Back to main page

26. Ready to complete your proposal? • Get your secondary source ready. • Just in case you forgot… here are the proposal’s requirements: • Submission • Evaluation