Communism Spreads in East Asia

1. Communism Spreads in East Asia p. 521

2. China’s Civil War Resumes • Mao Zedong’s Communist Chinese forces were very powerful at the end of World War II: • Chinese Communists had taken control of most of northern China from Japan by the time the Soviet Union invaded in 1945. • Soon, Communists were defeating Jiang Jieshi’s Guomindang (nationalist) troops. • with Soviet support and weapons

3. Success • Most of the Chinese people favored the Communists over the Nationalists • EC: Communist success was based on (4): • Nationalist landlords overcharged and abused renters • Nationalist leaders and troops were corrupt • Where Communist troops took control, they gave the land to peasants • Many Chinese hoped Communists would end foreign control (Imperialism)

4. Nationalists Flee the Mainland • EC: Defeated, Jiang Jieshi, what was left of the Nationalist army, and pro-nationalist Chinese escaped to ___ • Taiwan (the Republic of China) • The United States promised to defend Taiwan from Communist invasion • Promising to use nuclear weapons if necessary (“nuclear umbrella”) • US president, George W. Bush, ended this policy.

5. EC: Mao Reforms China (5) • Stalinist, totalitarian state • Anti-religion: • Buddhism • Christianity • Anti-Chinese tradition • Confucianism • Seized private property: • Rural landlords • Urban business owners • Opponents arrested as counterrevolutionaries • Many were sent to “reeducation camps” or killed

6. Collectivization: • As in Stalin’s Soviet Union, farmers were not allowed to keep their lands. • They were forced to share their lands and work together.

7. Great Leap Forward: 1958 • Mao’s Stalin-style plan to get people to increase industrial and farm output to western standards in five years. • Communes set up across nation • Coordinating: • small industries • many farmers

8. EC: GLF Failed by 1962 (4): • People had no personal incentives to work hard • Low-quality steel production due to lack of technology • Used wrong farm techniques and caused famines. • Bad weather complicated things • 55+ millions died of starvation

9. Cultural Revolution: • 1966-1970s • Mao felt Chinese youth did not appreciate the revolution. • He also wanted to purge (clean) China of any old, hidden, “bourgeois” thinking of older Chinese.

10. After Stalin died, • EC: Mao found it necessary to split with the Soviet Union (4): • Did not trust the new leadership of Nikita Khruschev. • Military clashes erupted along the Chinese-Soviet border. • Mao believed China was the true Communist power • He felt Khruschev’s Soviet Union was a traitor to Communism, giving in to capitalist America.

11. Taiwan (The Republic of China) • Jiang Jieshi ruled as a dictator with US support • The _____ was the only legal party. • Guomindang (Nationalist Party) • After Jiang’s death, by the late 1980s, Taiwan ended martial law. • Opposition parties were allowed. • Jiang is no longer a hero in many Taiwanese opinions.

12. The 38th parallel • served as the dividing line between the two Koreas. • USSR controlled the north • US influenced the south

13. Kim Il Sung: • Communist leader of North Korea, supported by the Soviet Union. • Syngman Rhee— • Dictatorial, anti-communist leader of South Korea, • supported by the United States. • Both leaders wanted to rule Korea.

14. North Korea Invades • The North Korean army invades South Korea and quickly overwhelms their forces. • The United Nations will step in and pass resolution 82 that authorizes support for South Korea. • The Security Council Votes 9-0 with one absentee to authorize action. • US, Britain, France, Egypt, Norway, China, Ecuador, India, Cuba, and Yugoslavia

15. UN’s First Military Test….. The United States got the UN to both condemn the invasion of South Korea and approve military forces to stop it. Security Council (The ____ had walked out of the Security Council meeting and failed to stop the US plans) Soviet Union UN forces, mostly US troops, made a last stand awaiting the UN reinforcements.

16. Pusan Perimeter: • UN defenders held off North Korean troops in the southeast corner of southern Korea. • Keeping the North Koreans busy at Pusan, the UN sent a large invasion force to Inchon, far to the northwest. • UN troops at Inchon cut off rail and supply lines to the North Korean forces in the south. • They were forced to surrender and soon the UN troops won back control of South Korea.

17. UN Victory Looms By November, UN forces were attacking into North Korea. Snows fell as they approached the Communist Chinese border at the Yalu River.

18. China attacks— • EC: Mao Zedong warned General ____ and the UN not to approach the border, • MacArthur • but they did not listen. • EC: Hundreds of thousands of Red Army troops flooded across the _____ River and hurled the UN forces back to the 38th Parallel. • Yalu • There, the Chinese and North Koreans were stopped again. • The war became a bloody stalemate.

19. Truce • Argumentative and long peace talks resulted in an armistice (which continues to this day, no treaty ending the war has ever been signed). • Demilitarized zone (DMZ): • An unoccupied stretch of land between two opposing military forces. • EC: The Treaty of ____ created the zone in 1953. • Panmunjom • Because the war was never ended, it has been a high-tension area between North and South Korea.

20. EC: North Korea— (6) • Communist command economy • Soviet support until the end of the Cold War • Single-party, long-term dictators • Kim Il Sung • Kim Jong Il (his son) • Kim Jong Un (his grandson) • All of them have kept North Korea isolated • Economy has actually deteriorated over the decades from lack of trade • Since the Cold War ended, North Korea is the only true Communist country left • Most of its limited economic resources are given to military development. • A bit of YouTube humor

21. South Korea— (6) • Capitalist market economy • Economic boom after the 1960s • Rising standard of living • US economic support • US military support • Run by dictators until late 1980s • Student protests, joined by other Koreans violently demanded free elections • Increasingly stable democracy since then • US is a major trade partner, importing products made by • Hyundae • KIA • Samsung

22. Communism Takes East Asia • Communist China was now named the • “People’s Republic of China (PRC)” • In 1959, PRC troops took control of ____ • Tibet.

23. Biography, p. 522 • What methods did Mao use to keep power for himself? • He executed anyone who threatened his power • Critics were imprisoned.

24. Cultural Revolution • Young Chinese were encouraged to form the • “Red Guard” • to seek out enemies, especially older people and leaders, who might not be Communist enough. • EC: Such enemies were said to still believe in the “Four Olds”: (4) • Old Customs, • Old Culture, (including western culture) • Old Habits, • Old Ideas

25. Cultural Revolution • The Red Guard left their schools, marched, held rallies, and for the next few years eagerly carried out Mao’s ideas….. (5) • Purging, arresting and sometimes killing those they suspected • Carried “little red book” (Quotations of Chairman Mao) • Skilled people were forced to do menial work • City people were moved to countryside and vice-versa • Factories closed • Economy slowed to little output

26. Standards Check, p. 523 Successes Failures Purges of intellectuals Failure of the Great Leap Forward Inadequate progress in industrial productivity • Improved public infrastructure • Somewhat improved public hygiene

27. Image, p. 523 • What do these images suggest about freedom of speech ad freedom of thought during the Cultural Revolution in China? • The government controlled thought and expression • Mao Zedong was the ultimate authority

28. EC: PRC Recognition • In 1971, the US recognized the PRC as the true China in the _____ • United Nations. • The US still promised to protect ____ • Taiwan. • President _____ visited Mao in Beijing. • Richard Nixon • By 1979, the PRC and the US had formal diplomatic and trade relations.

29. China and Taiwan • The PRC views Taiwan as a “breakaway province” • demands its unification with the mainland. • Taiwan resists PRC pressure today • China threatens military action if Taiwan declares independence….. • EC: In the early 2000s, US President ______’s government changed support of Taiwan, stating that the US would not accept its independence. • George W. Bush • Taiwanese see this as US dependence on the PRC’s economic power.

30. Standards Check, p. 525: Soviet Relations US Relations Improved as US worked with China against the Soviet Union. • Deteriorated due to conflicting ideologies and border disputes

31. Map Skills, p. 525 • 2 Which nation gained new territory by the end of the war? • The border did not change after see-saw land gains. • 3 How might the UN forces have avoided war with China? • By avoiding the Chinese border

32. Image, p. 526 • What advantage did these soldiers gain by winning control of this hill? • Relative safety and better vantage point

33. Standards Check, p. 526: • Explain when and why China became involved in the Korean War. • China felt threatened by UN forces near its border • China wanted to help Communist North Koreans.

34. Present Day • EC: The Korean War is not over. Only an _____ was signed in 1953. • Armistice • Almost 30,000 US troops remain in South Korea. • Other UN troops are present as well. • North Korea claims a standing army of two million.

35. MAD II • Today, tensions fluctuate, but there is one great issue: • North Korea has developed nuclear weapons recently….. • It also makes and “tests” missiles over Japan….. • UN suspects North Korea of selling missiles to “any buyer”. • Will it make long-range missiles? • Efforts by the US, China, Russia, Japan to make deals with North Korea to stop its nuclear program have met with failure, • sometimes angering the North Koreans, who say the US has a thousand nuclear weapons in South Korea.

36. Standards Check, p. 527 • How did North Korea’s economic performance compare to South Korea’s? • North Korea’s economy is dismal compared to prosperous South Korea

37. Quick Write • Why did the Security Council allow the use of Military force when China and the USSR have veto power?