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13.4 A Flawed Peace

13.4 A Flawed Peace . The Eastern Front. Russia is far behind other European countries in industrialization Army faces major losses, some troops desert Bolshevik Revolution – Tsar Nicholas gives up the throne Russia withdraws from WWI in 1917, signs a separate treaty with Germany.

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13.4 A Flawed Peace

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  1. 13.4 A Flawed Peace

  2. The Eastern Front • Russia is far behind other European countries in industrialization • Army faces major losses, some troops desert Bolshevik Revolution – Tsar Nicholas gives up the throne • Russia withdraws from WWI in 1917, signs a separate treaty with Germany

  3. U.S. Turns the Tides • U.S. troops are fresh, not war weary • Before: trenches unable to advance more than 10 miles in any direction • After: U.S. fights in the 2nd Battle of the Marne, pushing Germans back

  4. Central Powers Surrender • Austria-Hungary faces unrest within its own borders • Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria surrender • German Kaiser abdicates, and armistice is signed on 11/11/1918 at 11 A.M.

  5. The Peace Conference • Big Four: leaders from each of the winning powers get together to discuss the peace treaty • U.S. – Woodrow Wilson • England – David Lloyd George • France – Georges Clemenceau • Italy – Vittorio Orlando

  6. Treaty of Versailles • Conflicting Visions of Peace • Wilson = fair treatment • Clemenceau = Revenge – land, money, & keep Germany weak • France wants security from Germany in future, so they set up a buffer in the Rhineland • To punish Germany, they take away its colonies, place all of the war guilt on Germany, and assign $33 billion in reparations

  7. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • 1. Open Diplomacy, no secret international agreements • 4. Arms reduction to a point that still insures domestic safety. • 5. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims.

  8. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • 7. Evacuation of Belgium with restoration of full sovereignty • 8. Restoration of the Alsace-Lorraine to France. • 10. Autonomy for all nationalities of Austria-Hungary

  9. League of Nations • The last of the 14 points: • 14. Creation of a covenant for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. • An organization where countries can meet and resolve their problems peacefully

  10. Problems with the Treaty • German people question why they must take all of the blame • Harsh punishment leads to German anger, wishes for revenge • Germany cannot feasibly pay the high reparations

  11. Redrawing the Map of Europe • New countries form in the Balkans: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey • Germany gives up land, Poland is formed • Russian lands also create new countries such as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia

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