A Flawed Peace

1. A Flawed Peace Chapter 13 section 4

2. Objectives • To examine political and economic developments in several major countries during the 1920s and 1930s • Explain events that led to the treaty of Versailles. • Identify the effects of the treaty on European powers.

3. Warm-up • Woodrow Wilson • 28th president of the U.S., well known for WW1 leadership • George Clemenceau • the French leader at the treaty of Versailles, rarely agreed with Wilson's ideas. • Fourteen Points • goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. • Self Determination • The freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live. • Treaty of Versailles • the agreement of peace, that placed the entire responsibility and guilt of the war on Germany. Signed in 1919 • League of Nations • the international institution proposed by Woodrow Wilson to keep a lasting peace among nations

4. Video

5. Notes • Despite the hope that World War I was “the war to end all wars,” only twenty years later, Europe was once again at war. While the Great War was unprecedented in terms of death and destruction, World War II proved to be far worse. Many scholars highlight the weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles and how they contributed to the outbreak of World War II. The League of Nations, despite the optimism surrounding its establishment, was simply too weak to play a significant role. Without U.S. participation, it was doomed from the start. • The impact of World War I on the countries involved, combined with economic, political, diplomatic, and military developments, served to increase the likelihood of another conflict. The pre-World War II period gave rise to various dictatorships. What set the stage for the similar appeal of dictators in different national settings? Comparing the common aspects of Germany, Italy, and Spain which aided and abetted the rise of dictators helps to shed light on these important questions. • In this lesson, students work in small groups to research and report on the impact of World War I on one of the nations involved, as well as significant developments in that country between the wars. Next, students analyze the role of the League of Nations, nationalism, war debts, and the Great Depression during the twenty years between the wars. Students then research the rise of Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, and Francisco Franco. After sharing their findings, students hypothesize how and why dictators rise to power.

6. Reading • Chapter 13 section 4

7. ?’s • 3. What was the goal of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points? • To create a just and lasting peace throughout the world. • 4. What was the “war Guilt” clause in the treaty of Versailles? • Provision that blamed Germany for the war and required reparations. • 5. Why did the United States reject the treaty of Versailles? • Desire to stay out of European affairs

8. What happened after the war? • Use Handout 58 for all 8 countries . You will answer the following questions. • Immediate WWI impact • Internal politics • Economy • International relationships

9. France • Immediate WWI impact—many young men killed; damage and destruction at home; attainment of land, including Alsace- Lorraine and coal from Saar Valley • Internal politics—unstable leadership; conflicts among those advocating monarchy, democracy, and socialism • Economy—big war debt; decline of trade; inflation • Military development—rebuilding the army; construction of the Maginot Line • International relationships—hostility toward Germany; participation in League of Nations and in Locarno Pact (1925); alliance with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Russia, Yugoslavia, Rumania, and Great Britain

10. Great Britain • Immediate WWI impact—young men killed; loss of many merchant ships; territories acquired • Internal politics—growth of Labor Party • Economy—war debt; decline of trade; inflation • Military development—continuing military; desire to maintain naval superiority • International relationships—weakening empire as colonies demanded independence; participation in League of Nations and Locarno Pact

11. Italy • Immediate WWI impact—many young men killed; sense of unfair treatment by Versailles Treaty • Internal politics—constitutional monarchy replaced by Mussolini (Il Duce) and fascism • Economy—war debt; unemployment; inflation; labor strikes • Military development—expanded armed forces • International relationships—participation in Locarno Pact Alliance with Germany (1936); defeat of Ethiopia (1936); withdrawal from League of Nations (1937)

12. Germany • Immediate WWI impact—held responsible for the war; assessed the total war debt; loss of territory • Internal politics—kaiser replaced by democracy, through the Weimar Republic; control by Hitler and Nazi Party • Economy—unemployment; inflation; war debt • Military development—military buildup despite Versailles Treaty terms • International relationships—participation in Locarno Pact; withdrawal from League of Nations (1933); alliance with Italy (1936); annexation of Austria, Czechoslovakia (1938)

13. Russia • Immediate WWI impact—many men killed; went from war to revolution and civil war • Internal politics—abdication of Czar Nicholas II; Bolshevik power; Lenin, Stalin • Economy—five-year plans; collectivization of agriculture • Military development—military buildup during 1930s • International relationships—perceived German threat; alliance with France

14. Japan • Immediate WWI impact—control over several German territories; new trade markets • Internal politics—increasing democracy until military takeover • Economy—improved economy followed by Great Depression • Military development—increasing power of military • International relationships—aggressive foreign policy; attack on Manchuria (1931); withdrawal from League of Nations (1933)

15. United States • Immediate WWI impact—respected as a major world power; became a major creditor nation • Internal politics—continued democracy; emphasis on internal concerns • Economy—extended world trade; economic nationalism; weak agricultural economy; “boom” and inflation followed by collapse of stock market and Great Depression; FDR’s New Deal • Military development—maintenance of military • International relationships—isolationism; refusal to join League of Nations; Oriental Exclusion Act (1924)

16. China • Immediate WWI impact—disappointed at peace conference because Western powers maintained treaty system which protected Western privileges and extraterritoriality; upset that Japan retained many German concessions which were taken during the war • Internal politics—Chinese Communist Party organized in 1921; Kuomintang (KMT) under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen and, after his death in 1925, Chiang Kaishek; KMT and Chinese Communists turn to the Soviet Union for assistance in unifying the country; KMT and Communist armies defeat warlords and unite the nation; KMT and Communists split and fought a civil war until 1937, when they united to fight the Japanese invasion of China. • Economy—unsuccessful in establishing protective tariff and ending free trade and concessions; further penetration by Japanese markets • Military development—Both KMT and Chinese Red Army expanded in order to fight civil war and then the Japanese. • International relationships—never accepted Treaty of Versailles; joined League of Nations; KMT received assistance from Soviet Union but then expelled Russian advisers in 1928; when Japanese invaded Manchuria (1931), China appealed to the League of Nations, which failed to protect China or stop Japanese aggression; Japan took Manchuria and continued its aggression in northeast China; state of war between China and Japan from 1931 to 1945

17. describe the role of each during the twenty years between the wars • League of Nations— • The organization reflected the postwar desire for permanent peace, but it lacked the power to enforce decisions. • nationalism • Growing nationalism weakened the world economy and created an environment conducive to international tension and aggression. • war debts • War debts remained unpaid, and Germany’s total responsibility for reparations was an unreasonable expectation. • Great Depression • Originating in the United States, it resulted in worldwide economic collapse and hardship.

18. Handout • Complete the treaty of Versailles Handout

19. 1. Germany was not allowed to maintain a presence or any forts on the Rhineland. T Article(s) 42 2. Germany’s army was reduced to a mere 150,000 soldiers but was allowed to keep its overseas colonies. F Article(s) 119, 160 (army held at 100,000 and no colonies) 3. Germany was permitted to import weapons, however there were strict limits on how many could be imported. F Article(s) 170 (could not import arms)

20. 4. The League of Nations attempted to ensure peace in the future by encouraging collective action in the event of aggression, but it included few provisions for ensuring compliance. T Article(s) 10, throughout there lacks any method to deal with Germany if they refuse to comply 5. Germany had to accept responsibility for the war and pay the cost of injuries to civilians and damage to their property. T Article(s) 231

21. 6. The Germany navy was greatly restricted in its size and it was forbidden from maintaining an air force. T Article(s) 181,198 7. The Treaty of Versailles took land that was once controlled by France, but at the time controlled by Germany, and gave it back to France. T Article(s) 51 (Alsace-Lorraine) 8. Germany had to surrender all of her colonial territories and the coal-rich Saar and Alsace-Lorraine. T Article(s) 45,51,119

22. 9. The Treaty of Versailles gave Germany around 12 months to reduce its military to its required size. F Article(s) 181 (gave 2 months)* 10. The Treaty of Versailles focused mainly on punishing Germany for its actions in the war. T Article(s) throughout, virtually every article