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Africa

Africa. Decolonization and Repercussions. Deena Allam. Thesis.

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Africa

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  1. Africa Decolonization and Repercussions Deena Allam

  2. Thesis Though the age of traditional colonialism has faded from the collective mind of the Western world, the repercussions of this brutal period resonate in developing African nations as its legacy influences political and social instabilities, while the relationships between ex-colonies and the former colonial powers perpetuate a system that has impeded development and modernization in Africa.

  3. Argument: Historical Background

  4. European Rivalries • Scores would be settled “not on the Rhine, but in Africa” • Assertion of lost power • Scramble for Africa • Berlin Conference, 1885 • Competition for resources

  5. Argument: European Action and Inaction

  6. Colonial Administration • “Divide and conquer” • Algerian natives paid 90% of taxes, despite being the poorest part of the population • Belgian rulers created laws that allowed the use of slave labour to extract rubber • Administration was used to keep Africans poor

  7. “We’re leaving soon, anyway” • Strict orders from superiors: “don't spend any money” • Example: Tanzania at independence • two engineers • 12 doctors • 85% illiteracy rate • Usually led to military or dictatorial rule

  8. Argument: Political Instability “Africa, long known as the Dark Continent, is now bright with the glow of smouldering unrest and the flame of open revolt and violence”- Toronto Daily Star, 1960

  9. Coups d’état and Assassinations • 1960-2003: • 107 African leaders removed from power by a coup, war or invasion • 33 were interim regimes • 19 elected out of office • 19 retired • 12 died of natural causes • 5 assassinated (not part of a coup)

  10. Argument: Social Instability

  11. Remnants of Racist Systems • Apartheid in South Africa • Classification based on race • 9 million South Africans lost citizenship and voting rights • Legal systems prejudiced against landless poor: • “small savages” • “savage animals capable of mimicking humans”

  12. Rwandan Genocide • Resentment felt by the Hutus toward the Tutsis • Socioeconomic hierarchy maintained after independence from Belgium • Calls to “cut the tall trees” occurred before the genocide • 800 000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were killed

  13. “They’re all the same, right?” • Borders completely disregarded the people living within them: • 40 distinct ethnic groups in Gabon • 120 distinct ethnic groups in Tanzania • 200 distinct ethnic groups in Chad • 250 distinct ethnic groups in DRC • 250 distinct ethnic groups in Nigeria

  14. Argument: Current Relationships

  15. “Je parle Français” “I speak English” • English as the only official language in: • Botswana • Ghana • Nigeria • Sierra Leone • French as the only official language in: • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Gabon • Ivory Coast

  16. Money, Money, Money

  17. Foreign Band-Aid

  18. “Françafrique is dead.” Or not. “The network of France’s influence in its former colonies in Africa”- Boisbouvier

  19. Counter-argument: Canada

  20. The true North, strong and free • The Indian Act (1876) was designed to successfully “protect, civilize and ultimately assimilate the Indian population” • First Nations live in Third World conditions throughout Canada

  21. Counter-argument: Egypt

  22. Pretty impressive, Egypt… • Human Development Index: 0.659 • Literacy rate: 71.4% • Gross Domestic Product per capita: $5 900 (2009)

  23. … Actually, never mind • United Kingdom has: • an HDI of 0.939 • literacy rate of 99% • GDP per capita of $34 000 (2009)

  24. Conclusion

  25. Quiz Questions

  26. How many distinct ethnic groups are there in the DRC? 2 250 50 100 000 Françafrique is: A dance club in Paris A French-African band France’s sphere of influence in Africa The French president’s ministry for African affairs In 2009, how many people were living on less than a dollar a day in Africa? 20 million 1 trillion 100 000 350 million

  27. Discussion Questions

  28. Why is it that Africa doesn’t appear to be going forward despite the 1 trillion dollars given in aid since 1960? How else can the developed world help? Do you believe that Europe is responsible for fixing Africa’s problems?

  29. Bibliography • Popplewell, B. (2010, November 30). An Indian Industry has emerged amid the wreckage of many Canadian reserves. The Toronto Star. • Robinson, S. (2006, May 28). The Deadliest War In The World - TIME. TIME.com. Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198921,00.html • Rwanda. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=1000721 • Shah, A. (2010, June 12). Conflicts in Africa: Introduction . Global Issues. Retrieved December 18, 2010, from http://www.globalissues.org/article/84/conflicts-in-Africa-introduction • Cooke, J. J. (1973). New French Imperialism 1880-1910: The Third Republic and Colonial Expansion. Plymouth: Latimer Trend & Company. • Egypt Statistics. NationMaster. Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www.nationmaster.com/index.php • Fact Sheet- Kanesatake. (2010, July 20). Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/mr/is/prg-eng.asp • Fisher, W. (2006, July 30). The Middle East Conflict Background. Global Issues . Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www.globalissues.org/article/119/the-middle-east-conflict-a-brief- background#1800stoWorldWarII • Haberman, A., & Shubert, A. (2002). The West and the World: Contacts, Conflicts, Connections. Toronto : Gage Learning. • HISTORY OF NIGERIA. HistoryWorld - History and Timelines. Retrieved December 19, 2010, from http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad41 • Keller, Edmond J. (2007). Africa in Transition: Facing the Challenges of Globalization. HarvardInternational Review. 29 (2) 1. Retrieved November 24, 2010 from http://hir.harvard.edu/courting-africa/africa-in-transition • Moyo, D. (2009, March 21). Why Foreign Aid Is Hurting Africa. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 19, 2010, from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123758895999200083.html • Muiu, M. w. (2008). Civilization on trial: the colonial and postcolonial state in Africa. Journal of ThirdWorld Studies, 25.1.73. Retrieved November 26, 2010 from the Global Issues in Context database. • Palast, G. (2001, October 10). IMF Mole Tells All. The Observer. • A survey of sub-Saharan Africa. (2004, January 15). The Economist . Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www.economist.com/node/2328610 • Aboriginals: Treaties & Relations. Canada in the Making. Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www2.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/aboriginals/aboriginals8_e.html#indianact • Ajayi, J. F. (1989). Algeria: FinancialServitude. Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s (pp. 201-217). Oxford: Heinemann. • Algeria . (2010, August 2). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/8005.htm • BBC News. (2008, October 8). Seeking Africa's green revolution. BBC News. Retrieved December 23, 2010, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7651977.stm • BBC News. (2008, December 18). Rwanda: How the genocide happened. BBC News . Retrieved December 18, 2010, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1288230.stm • Boisbouvier, C. (2010, February 16). 50 years later, Françafrique is alive and well. Radio FranceInternationale. Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www.english.rfi.fr/Africa/20100216-50-years-later-francafrique-alive-and-well • Caldwell, J. (1985). The social repercussions of colonial rule. UNESCO General History of Africa 1880- 1935 (pp. 472-484). Berkeley: Berkeley University Press. • Chokshi, M. (n.d.). The History of Apartheid in South Africa. Computers and Apartheid. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html

  30. Thank Thank you for your attention!

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