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cardiovascular system in large ruminant

cardiovascular system in large ruminant. Prepared By Dr/Mohamed Meselhy. Introduction. Cattle are phlegmatic animals and rarely undertake strenuous exercise. As a result, signs of cardiac disease may not be recognised until the disease is at an advanced stage.

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cardiovascular system in large ruminant

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  1. cardiovascular system in large ruminant Prepared By Dr/Mohamed Meselhy

  2. Introduction • Cattle are phlegmatic animals and rarely undertake strenuous exercise. • As a result, signs of cardiac disease may not be recognised until the disease is at an advanced stage. • Affected calves may show signs of poor growth and, in advanced cases, heart failure. • In mild cases there may be no external signs and the cardiovascular abnormality is only detected during a careful clinical examination.

  3. Applied anatomy The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the circulatory system. It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries.

  4. R & L atrium receive blood from vein • Ventricle pump blood out of the heart • R.A receives deoxygenated blood from vein. • L.A receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins.

  5. Valves of the Heart • The heart has two types of valves that keep the blood flowing in the correct direction. • The valves between the atria and ventricles are called atrioventricular valves, while those at the bases of the large vessels leaving the ventricles are called semilunar valves. • The right atrioventricular valve is the tricuspid valve. • The left atrioventricular valve is the bicuspid, or mitral, valve. • The valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk is the pulmonary semilunar valve. • The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta is the aortic semilunar valve. • When the ventricles contract, atrioventricular valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria. • When the ventricles relax, semilunar valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

  6. Pathway of blood through heart Both atria contract at the same time and both ventricle contract at the same time Heart work as two pump R & L Pathway of blood through heart include three circulation: • Pulmonary circulation • Systemic circulation • Coronary circulation

  7. Pulmonary circulation The Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which Transports oxygen depleted blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

  8. Oxygen deprived blood from the vena cavaenters the R A of the heart and flows through the the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, from which it is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries which go to the lungs. • Pulmonary veins return the oxygen-rich blood to the heart, where it enters the left atrium before flowing through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. • Then, oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle is pumped out via the aorta, and on to the rest of the body.

  9. Systemic circulation • Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. • Systemic circulation is much longer than pulmonary circulation, transporting blood to every part of the body.

  10. Coronary circulation • The coronary circulatory system provides a blood supply to the heart. • It provides oxygenated blood to the heart , through R & L coronary artry

  11. Examination of the cardiovascular system • Anatomy of the heart • Manifestation of CVS • Disorders of the heart • Clinical examination of the heart • Special methode of examination

  12. Anatomy of the heart • Deviated toword the left side of the median plain of the body opposite to the 3-6th intercostal space at the left side.

  13. Aorta A.vena cava L.A Pul. artery L.V R. V

  14. Position of the pulmonary (P), aortic (A) and bicuspid or mitral (B) heart valves.The stethoscope is advanced under the triceps muscle to get as close to the valves as possible

  15. Manifestation of CVS • Lethargy • Poor appetite (anorexia) • Cough & Epistaxis • syncope • Weakness • Difficult breathing (dyspnea) • Distended abdomen (especially if the right heart is diseased) called ascites • odema • Pale or bluish colored gums (cyanosis). • tachycardia • Decreased heart rate (brachycardia) • A heart murmur during auscultation with the stethoscope • Cool extremities • Reduced mental capacity • Jugular vein pulsation

  16. Dist.Abdomen Ascites Submandibular odema Distended J.v Brisket odema

  17. Disorders of the heart Bradycardia Tachycardia Heart block

  18. Tachycardia • Tachycardia means increase in the heart rate. Which occurred in the following conditions: • Febrile conditions • Cardiac hypertrophy • Myocardial diseases • Hypotension • Excitement, fair and pain • Anemia.

  19. Bradycardia Bradycardia means that decreasing in the heart rate as in case of :- • Hypoglycemia • Hypocalcemia • Jaundice • Congestive H.F. • Hydropericardium • Haemopericardium • Perior to death

  20. Hart block Detected by E.C.G Heart block means that defecte or delaying or inhibition or interruption in the conduction of contractile impulse from pacemaker to the ventricle Types of heart block: • Sinoatrial heart block. • Atrioventincular heart block. • Branch bundle heart block.

  21. Physical Examination Of The Heart • Inspection • Palpation • Percussion • Auscultation

  22. Inspection Inspection : is of low value in large ruminants 1-Inspection occurred by observation of the so called “Apex beat” causing movement of the chest 2-Apex beat can be observed in normal animal with: • Narrow chest • Thin wall of chest • Short coat • Good conditioned animal 3-Apex beat appeared clear in the following cases: • sever exercise. • Fever • Hemolytic anemia (sever) • Cardiac hypertrophy or dilatation

  23. Palpation 1-Palpation of cardiac area detect the strength and extent of the cardiac impulse it’s occurred by placing the palm of the hand over the cardiac area and slight pressure is applied to compress the chest wall. 2-Cardiac impulse is palpable on left side only in large animal and it may be week or absent in: valvular insufficiency or stenosis

  24. Percussion • Percussion of the cardiac area provide “Dull sound” because it’s gas free organ Abnormalities Of Percussion: Increase of area of cardiac dullness • Cardiac hypertrophy or dilatation • Hydro or haemopericardium. • Pericarditis especially in late stage • Neoplasm Decrease of area of cardiac dullness • Pneumothorax • Hydrothrax • Pulmonary emphysema

  25. Auscultation chest piece of the stethoscope should pressed firmly against the chest wall on the left side in the 3-6th intercostals space beneath and above the point of elbow joint. Normal Heart Sounds:-Lubb dupp sound • LUBB sound (Systolic sound ) Originated from contraction of the ventricles and closure of atrioventricular valve • DUPPsound(Diastolic sound )Originated from the closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

  26. Abnormal Heart Sounds By Auscultation Murmurs (I) Endocardial Murmurs It’s arises within the heart usually as a result of vulvular insufficiency or stenosis. Systolic murmurs :during systoles due to imperfect closure of the atrioventricular valve (Bicuspid & tricuspid valve). Diastolic murmurs :during diastole due to imperfect closure of semilunar valves.

  27. (II) Pericardial Murmurs 1- Frictional sound • Ex: pericarditis in early stage or in pleurisy. 2- Muffled sound • Occurred when the pericardial sac conations sufficient amount of fluid so that the heart sound become faint and muffled be heart sound as came from a far distance. • Ex: Heme- or hydropericardium. 3- Tinkling sound • indicate the presence of gas on the surface of fluid. • Gas production result from the presence of certain bacteria which are introduced following the entry of a foreign body in case of traumatic pericarditis.

  28. Special Methods Of Examination Of The Heart • Angiocrdiography. • Phonocardiography. • Electrocardiograph E.C.G. • Radiography. • Pain test.

  29. Pain test it is a specific test for confirmation the diagnosis of traumatic pericarditis • Walking on down hill Upward give no signs, Downward the animal show the signs of pain or reluctant to walk. • Pinching of weather the animal show the signs of pain. • Turning the animal in acute angle it shows the signs of pain. • Side stick method by raising the animal and suddenly release of the animal we found the grunting sound

  30. IN traumatic pericarditis auscultation of the heart according to the stage of the disease as the following:- 1-1st stage  frictional sound due to roughness and dryness of pericardial layer. 2-2nd stage  dribblingsound when sufficient fluid present in the pericardial sac. 3-3rd stage  splashing or tinkling sound due to presence of gas in pericardial sac due to anaerobic microorganisms which enter with the foreign body. 4-4th.Stage  Muffled sound due to organization of the exudates in the pericardial sac.

  31. Electrocardiograph • The ECG is of limited value in cattle but can be used to confirm abnormalities of rhythm. • Athree-lead system is used:- • The right arm (RA) lead attached to the thoracic wall over the base of the heart. • The left arm (LA) lead is attached over the cardiac apex. • The neutral (N) lead is attached to the skin over the withers.

  32. ECG N lead R A lead L A lead The right arm (RA) lead is placed on the neck, the left arm (LA) lead is placed on the chest wall just above the sternum, and the neutral (N) lead is placed on the wither

  33. Ultrasonographic (US) evaluation This is useful to detect abnormalities around the heart and some details of its internal structure. • Evidence of fluid within the pericardial sac may be seen as a black non-echogenic area surrounding the heart. • If the contents of the pericardial sac are purulent, flacks of hyperechogenic material may be seen.

  34. Diagram of an ultrasonographic scan of an animal suffering from pericarditis showing the presence of a pericardial effusion Body wall Tricuspid valve Pericardial effusion Wall of left ventricle

  35. Pericardiocentesis This technique is used to collect and assess pericardial fluid. The needle is inserted through the chest wall into the pericardial sac and fluid is allowed to flow or is aspirated using a syringe. Local anaesthetic is injected into the skin and muscle layers of the space between the 5th and 6th ribs.

  36. Pericardiocentesis from an animal sufferingfrom pericarditis Chest drain 5th rib

  37. QUESTIONS

  38. thank you Dr/Mohamed Meselhy

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