Changes in Society

1. Changes in Society • The Counterculture • “Rights Revolution”  2003 The Stage Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

2. The Counterculture • Was caused by the social and political events of the ‘50s and early 60’s • Civil rights movements introduced the idea of protest and aided in the rise of the antiwar movements • People now questioned boundaries and cultural norms such as dress and hairstyles • Heightened distrust in authority • Generation Gap

3. Early ‘60’s • The Beatles • The Beach Boys • Elvis • Mop-top haircut • Bikini (1965) • Beehive  2003 The Stage  2003 The Stage  2003 The Stage  2003 The Stage Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

4. Late ‘60s  2003 The Stage • Jimi Hendrix • Woodstock • The Band • Long-hair • Sideburns • Bell bottoms • Tie-dye  2003 The Stage Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

5. Expressions • “Make Love, Not War” – anti-war, pacifist motto • The Age of Aquarius – practice of spiritualism, Eastern religion, and alternative medicine, and astrology Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)  2002 Myers

6. Hippies • 1960S subculture that was originally a youth movement • The word 'hippie' came from hipster, which was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district. • Hippies created their own communities, listened to psychedelic rock, embraced the sexual revolution, and some used drugs such as cannabis, LSD, and magic mushrooms to explore altered states of consciousness. • Rebelled against the longstanding customs and values bestowed upon them by their parents and the country  The History  1999 Premature Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

7. Baby Boom Generation – huge population in the ‘60s from post WWII baby boom • Sex, Drugs, and Rock & Roll • Sexual Revolution – erased traditional restrictions on sexual behavior (communes) led to “free love” and more open discussion in mainstream media • Mind-altering drug use • Musical and Art influences such as The Beatles, Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, Andy Warhol etc….. • Haight Ashbury District in San Francisco – center of The Counterculture Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)  2002 High

8. Woodstock • The Woodstock Music & Art Fair – “3 Days of Peace & Music". • In the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to August 18, 1969, southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York. • 32 acts performed outdoors in front of 500,000 concert-goers. • Richie Havens • Swami Satchidananda • Sweetwater • Bert Sommer • Tim Hardin • Ravi Shankar • Melanie • Arlo Guthrie • Joan Baez • Quill • Country Joe McDonald • Santana • John Sebastian • Keef Hartley Band • Sha Na Na • Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows • Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young • The Incredible String Band • Canned Heat • Mountain • Grateful Dead • Creedence Clearwater Revival • Janis Joplin with The Kozmic Blues Band • Sly & the Family Stone • The Who • Jefferson Airplane • Joe Cocker and The Grease Band • Country Joe and the Fish • Country Joe McDonald's second performance. • Ten Years After • The Band • Johnny Winter • Blood, Sweat & Tears • Paul Butterfield Blues Band Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9) • 2002 The Psychedelic

9. The Generation Gap The Boomer Generation • Teens during the 60s & 70s • Grew up in time of prosperity • Peace & Flowers • Rock music shaped their world views • New distrust toward tradition and authority The Silent Generation • Parents of Boomers • Grew up in different world from their children • Learned to live frugally because of rationing during the depression and wars • Big Band music • Valued loyalty, authority, and had respect for military and veterans

10. Haight-Ashbury District • San Francisco • Center of Counterculture • Hippie “Mecca” • Heavy drug use • Attracted great deal of negative media attention • High crime rate

11. Timothy Leary • Former Harvard researcher • Preached that drugs could free the mind • Encouraged American youths to “Tune in, Turn on, Drop out”

12. Spirituality Routes • Counterculture members sought spirituality outside of traditional Christian beliefs • Buddhism/Other Eastern religions • Native American traditions of living off the land • Had a lasting impact leading to the environmental movements of the ‘70s

13. The Counterculture Ends • New freedoms and ways of living had unfortunate effects • Drug addictions and deaths from overdoses were on the rise • 2 beloved musicians died from overdoses at age of 27 – Jimi Hendrix & Janis Joplin • At a Rolling Stones concert, Hells Angels stabbed an African-American man to death while supposedly providing security • Ugly underbelly contradicted the values of “Peace & Love” that the hippies embraced • Many abandoned their experiments and moved right back into the mainstream • However, influenced the “rights revolution”

14. Women’s Rights Movement After WWII, women gave up their careers to returning servicemen and moved back into the homes to take care of the family Movement to attain sexual equality had risen in the 1960’s This movement changed American life – from family, education, careers, and political issues

15. 2nd Wave of Feminism • First wave in 1920s • Seeking to redefine roles and how they were viewed • The civil rights movement prompted women to look at ways in which society caste, judged, and discriminated against them • Casey Hayden & Mary King were civil rights veterans who thought that there were parallels which could be drawn between the treatments of blacks and women

16. The Feminine Mystique • Written by Betty Friedan, helped launch the women’s movement by inspiring women to join the struggle for equal rights • "The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning [that is, a longing] that women suffered in the middle of the 20th century in the United States. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries … she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question — 'Is this all?"

17. Job Opportunities • The number of women in the workforce grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s • Yet they held dead end jobs • Even with advanced training and education, they faced discriminatory employers • Betty Friedan was fired from her job when she became pregnant with her second child • Sandra Day O’Connor (first female Supreme Court Justice) graduated at the top of her class and had no employment opportunities

18. National Organization for Women (NOW) • The organization dedicated to winning “true equality for all women” and to attaining a “full and equal partnership of the sexes” • Set to break down barriers of discrimination in the workplace and in education • Attacked stereotypes of women and called for more balanced roles in marriage • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) – passage would guarantee gender equality under the law • Wanted Reproductive Rights – the right to an abortion • NOW worked within the existing politics for reform on existing legislation

19. Raising Awareness • Not all women took the political approach to the movement • Some found NOW too tame and set out to show how society trapped women into restrictive roles • Public protests and consciousness raising efforts by radical feminists • Gloria Steinem raised awareness through the mass media • Steinem worked as a writer worked undercover with Playboy magazine to show the humiliation the Bunnies faced just to earn a living • Co-founded Ms., a feminist magazine • Became the most famous feminist leader of the 1970s

20. Opposing the Movement • Some Americans, both men and women, were openly against the feminist movement • Phyllis Schlafly – a conservative political activist who denounced women’s liberation as “an assault on family, marriage, and on children.” • Worked hard to defeat ERA, saying that the act would compel women to fight in the military, end separate public restrooms, and hurt the family • High conservative opposition to the movement, and the ERA fell 3 states short of passing due to this

21. Lasting Effects • Women’s roles and opportunities expanded • Women gained legal rights • Feminists sparked a debate that continues today • In the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a clause called Title VII – this outlawed discrimination based on sex • Women used Title VII to challenge discrimination • The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was established to enforce prohibition on job discrimination • Commission on the Status of Women (1961) examined workplace discrimination • Title IX of the Higher Education Act (19720 banned discrimination in education • Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974) made it illegal to deny credit based on gender

22. Roe v. Wade (1973) • Considered the most important legal victory • Assured women the right to legal abortions • As highly controversial then as it is today

23. Changes in the Workplace • The percentage of women in the workplace has grown from 30% in 1960 to 60% in 2000 • Number of married female workers has increased • Fields once closed or considered off limits to women (law, medicine, accounting, etc.) have opened up • However, the average woman still earns less than the average man • This could be due to the type of field or service, and most women shoulder additional family responsibilities that men traditionally do not • Now, the majority of the nation’s people living in poverty are single women with children

24. The rights revolution expands • Latinos • Native Americans • Asian Americans • Consumer Rights • People with Disabilities Fight to influence laws and government and expand rights for these groups of Americans

25. Growth of Latino Population • Beginning in 1942, Mexican immigrants came to American under the bracero or farmhand program • Temporary worker status • Over a 25 year period, 4 million entered the U.S. • Played a crucial role in sustaining the agriculture during WWII • During and after WWII, the country faced a growing demand for cheap labor • Populations of Latin American countries grew • Job opportunities declined in Latino countries • This sent a steady stream of immigrants to the U.S.

26. deportation • Many Mexicans migrated to the U.S. illegally • Those who outstayed their braceros permits and the illegal immigrants were deported in the 1950s

27. Immigration and nationality Acts • These amendments eliminated the national-origin quotas for immigrants • In the following decades, about 2.8 million Mexican and Asian immigrants entered the country

28. Latino Communities • Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Cubans came legally or as political refugees • The tended to settle in urban areas • New York City & Miami

29. Facing Discrimination • Like other minorities, they also faced discrimination • Hector Garcia, a WWII veteran, formed the American G.I. Forum to battle discrimination • Others groups demanded better working conditions, salaries, and educational opportunities • Wanted their right to vote • Wanted to be able to elect politicians who would represent their interests

30. Cesar Chavez • Most influential Latino activist • Fought for rights for farm laborers • Migrant Farmworkers – migrated from farm to farm and often from state to state • Organized farmworkers union • Which later merged with another union to create the United Farm Workers (UFW)

31. United Farm Workers (UFW) • Committed to nonviolent tactics • Implemented a workers strike and buyer boycott of grapes grown in California • California later passed a law requiring a partnership between growers and union reps • Now had a legal basis for better working conditions

32. Chicano movement grows • Growth of the Mexican American social and political effort • States with high Latino populations had demand for educators to teach their heritage and history • National Council of La Raza focused on reducing poverty and discrimination amongst Latinos

33. “Brown power” • Attaining political strength for Latinos • Jose Angel Gutierrez organized a political party in TX called La Raza Unida • Party supported Latino political candidates • Called for better housing and jobs • By 1980, 6 Hispanics sat in Congress representing districts in NY & CA

34. Native Americans • Long history of poverty, unemployment, and suicides • National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) formed to preserve native fishing rights in the NW • Later included all aspects of civil rights for Native Americans

35. American Indian movement (aim) • Founded by Chippewa activists Dennis Banks and George Mitchell • At first, focused on helping Indians living in urban ghettos • Later, was addressing all civil rights issues • Securing land, legal rights, self-government

36. Confrontation • 1969, A group of American Indians occupied Alcatraz • Members of the Sioux tribe claimed it belonged to them under a treaty granting them federal land • Coast Guard and federal authorities tried to evict them • About 100 American Indians representing 50 tribes occupied the land until mid 1971

37. Confrontation (cont.) • AIM arranged a “long march” from San Francisco to D.C. • Led by Dennis Banks & Russell Means • In D.C., they took control over the Bureau of Indian Affairs Building and temporarily renamed it the Native American Embassy

38. Siege at wounded knee • Federal authorities put Wounded Knee under siege, and 2 AIM members died as a result of the gunfire • Standoff ended when government agreed to examine native treaty rights • Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee written by Dee Brown raised public awareness about the historic mistreatment of Native Americans • AIM planned a confrontation at Wounded Knee, SD • 1973, village was taken over and they refused until the government agreed to investigate the condition of reservation Indians

39. Legal changes • Several laws passed in the 1970s • Indian Self-Determination Act granted tribes greater control over resources and education on reservations • Legal battles were also won to regain land, water, and mineral rights • Other groups provoked a political backlash saying that the federal government gave special treatment to American Indian • Native Americans still suffered from high rates of unemployment and poverty

40. Asian Americans • Many other groups formed during the “rights revolution” to combat discrimination and protect rights of all Asian Americans • Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments (1965) passed also aided Asian immigrants • Had long faced prejudice and discrimination in America • Japanese American Citizens Lodge (1929) protected civil rights • Worked to receive government compensation for property lost to American during WWII

41. Consumer rights • Led by Ralph Nader • A lawyer who began investigating car designs and the flaws • His book, Unsafe at Any Speed attacked auto makers stating they were creating vehicles that endangered the people • Prompted the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966)

42. Consumer rights (cont.) • Consumer advocacy groups formed: • The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandated workplace safety regulations

43. Rights for the disabled • Historically, people with disabilities had been treated as defective • FDR hid his disability • High number of disabled veterans from Korean and Vietnam wars

44. Rights for the disabled (cont.) • The Panel on Mental Retardation (1961) explored ways to help people with mental disabilities • Eunice Shriver (Kennedy’s sister) began what later became the Special Olympics • Later, several other laws also passed guaranteeing access to education for people with disabilities

45. Environmental Movement • People’s rights to a clean and safe environment • Rachel Carson was an American marine biologist and conservationist wrote Silent Spring • The book pointed out that human actions were harming the environment and all living creatures in it • Prompted a debate about the importance of governmental involvement in environmental regulations

46. Silent Spring sparks a movement • Carson described the deadly impacts of chemicals and toxic waste on animals and the environment • Human activity altered it and it was our responsibility to take care of it • Public was convinced of her argument • Congress restricted the use of the pesticide DDT • Spurred widespread environmental activism among Americans

47. Cuyahoga River Fire • Activists immediately responded to incident • A spark ignited the byproducts and wastes caused by industrialization in the area • The river’s surface was coated with oil and was said to “ooze, rather than flow” • Magazine stated that a person “does not drown but decays”

48. Earth Day • Nationwide protest that started in response to growing environmental concerns • Was done “to shake up the political establishment and force the issue onto the national agenda” • April 22, 1970 – 20 million Americans took part throughout the nation • Became a yearly event attracting civil and women’s rights activists, and the Sierra Club and Wilderness Society

49. Nixon Turns Environmentalist • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – mission to protect the “entire ecological chain” • Clean Air Act (1970) eliminated air pollutants and emissions • Clean Water Act (1973) limited pollutants of water by agriculture and industry • Endangered Species Act (1973) promoted protection of endangered plants and animals • President Ford continued with policies and created the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to make sure nuclear materials would be handled safely with no harmful impacts on humans or the environment

50. Environmental Setbacks • Love Canal – near Niagara Falls, NY; high rates of birth defects and cancer • EPA Investigators found that these were caused by thousands of tons of toxic chemicals that had been dumped in the ground by industries for decades • Heavy rains would send toxic chemicals percolating up through the ground