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AFRICA

AFRICA. Nile Valley Civilization. Earliest Civilization in Africa 7,000 years ago Fertile Soil Lots of wildlife. The Pharaohs. 3,000 BCE United villages along the Nile. Polytheism. The worship of many Gods Amon-Re The Chief God/ The Sun God Osiris God of the Underworld and the Nile

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AFRICA

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  1. AFRICA

  2. Nile Valley Civilization • Earliest Civilization in Africa • 7,000 years ago • Fertile Soil • Lots of wildlife

  3. The Pharaohs • 3,000 BCE • United villages along the Nile

  4. Polytheism • The worship of many Gods • Amon-Re • The Chief God/ The Sun God • Osiris • God of the Underworld and the Nile • Isis • Osiris’s Wife

  5. The Pyramids • Built as tombs for Pharaohs • Filled with: • Food • Clothing • Jewels • Anything needed for the afterlife

  6. The Kingdom of Kush • 900 BCE - 350 CE • Major accomplishment: • Manufacture of iron • Tools • Weapons • Why important? • Major trading center • Ethiopia • Egypt • Persia

  7. Kingdom of Axum

  8. Kingdom of Axum • Modern Day Ethiopia • Why important? • Important center of trade • Spices • Gems • Ivory • First African Christian Kingdom

  9. Kingdom of Axum • King Ezana • 330 A.D. • Conquers the Kush • Burns towns • Destroys temples

  10. Axum Obelisk • Symbol of Axum

  11. The Gold-Salt Trade • Timbuktu • Country: • Mali • Importance: • Center of trade • Gold • Salt • Ideas • Center of Muslim Scholars Timbuktu

  12. Navigating the Sahara • Navigators used stars • Rested during the day • Navigated at night • Relied on: • Oasis Oasis in the Sahara near Taghit

  13. Gold – Salt Trade • Salt more valuable than gold • Western Africa • Sahara • Salt was plentiful • Savannah • Gold was plentiful This trade gave rise to the great empires of western Africa

  14. The Empire of Ghana • Ghana –war chief • Ancient Ghana • Note: • Ancient Ghana’s location in comparison with the present state of Ghana

  15. The Emperor • Power rested on the control of the gold trade. • Owned all the gold mined in the empire • Source of wealth • Allowed emperor to build strong armies

  16. Invasions • Almoravids (1076 BCE) • Former trading partners • Invaded Ghana • Broke up the empire into smaller states

  17. Empire of Mali • Mandingos • Farmers that had lived under Ghana’s rule • Seized gold producing lands.

  18. Mansa Musa 1307-1337 • Most influential ruler of Mali • Extended borders • Captured salt mines.

  19. Mansa Musa and Mali • Mali • Following Musa’s death Mali was revered for its safety and security. • This lasting security revealed the power and strength Mansa Musa established during his reign.

  20. Mali Empire

  21. Influence of Islam - Mali • Adopted by Mansa Musa • Influence of Islam increased • Laws became based on the Koran

  22. Mali’s Decline • Weak rulers followed Mansa Musa • Empire was weakened and shrank.

  23. The Great Mosque in Mali (Mopti)

  24. Songhai • Sunni Ali • A lifetime of war • Captured Timbuktu and many key trading centers • Preserved safety of trade routes

  25. Songhai • Askia Muhammad • Encouraged teachers and writers to settle in Timbuku • Timbuktu became a great center for teaching and learning Tomb of Askia

  26. Songhai • Morroco Invasion • Why? • Heard of the great riches of the Songhai Empire • How? • Better technology • Cannons • Guns

  27. The Forest Kingdom of Benin • Delta of the Nile River • Ewuare • Captured 201 cities and towns • Including Ibo country

  28. Benin City • Center of industry • Broad avenues • Produced: • Woven Goods • Brass • Wood • Ivory Objects

  29. Arab – African Trade • Swahili • Mixture of: • Bantu and Islamic Words

  30. Cities of East Africa • City-State • A large town that has its own government and usually controls the surrounding country side. • Examples: • Kilwa; Malindi; Mombassa Pillar of Vasco de Gama Kilwa

  31. Portuguese Invasion • Early 1500’s • Portuguese attacked and occupied many city-states, thus ending their prosperity.

  32. Zimbabwe • “Great Stone House” • Importance: • Gold Mines • Made rulers wealthy, but most of the populace were herders or farmers. • Power struggles ended the kingdom in the 1500’s.

  33. Zimbabwe Timbuktu Askia Muhammad Portuguese City-State Kilwa Mombassa Songhai Swahili Benin City Mansa Musa Islam Christianity Islam Gold Salt Trade Mali Gahna Askia Muhammad King Ezana Amon-Re Forest Kingdom of Benin Axum Kush Sunni Ali • Next to each civilization, phrase, or word, explain its importance or key characteristic in one phrase. Review

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