Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion Chapter 13 McGonigle

2. Essay- Maslow • Trace the 5 stages of Maslow’s Theory for a castaway on a desert island. How would they manifest themselves from the first days on the island to the hopeful rescue. • You may answer this question in bullet form or in paragraph form. ( 20 points)

3. Sensation Seekers • Discuss in 2-3 sentences the thrill of riding on a rollercoaster like Superman. Take someone through the whole ride from being strapped in to finishing the ride at the end? What was the scariest part? Why did you like it so much?

4. What motivated you to do these things??? • Brush your teeth • Wash/comb your hair • Use deodorant • Have breakfast • Sleep late/ Get up early • Call a friend/ Go on Facebook • Go out w/ friends/ stay in w/ friends..

5. Motive • Stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goal.. • How are motives discussed in criminology? • What motives are you dealing with right now? ( 90 average, plans for the prom, etc.)

6. Needs and Drives • Need – condition in which we require something that we lack. • We have biological & psychological needs. • In September, we discussed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

7. Drive • Defined as the forces that motivate an organism to take action. • The longer we are deprived of something such as food or water, the stronger our drive becomes to get them. • How would you describe a person that is “driven”?

8. Diets • List & Describe all the fad diets that have been introduced to the public over the last 15-20 years. • Describe why they were successful? • Describe why they were not successful?

9. Instinct Theory • An instinct is a behavior pattern that is genetically transmitted from generation to generation. • These are sometimes called fixed action patterns. ( Animals acquire instincts to survive) • McDougall & James – argue that people have instincts that foster survival and social behavior.

10. Drive Reduction Theory • Clark Hull – This is based on learning as well as motivation. • We experience a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension. • Will do whatever necessary to eliminate tension, such as eating to reduce hunger drive. ( can be money as well)

11. Homeostasis • Tendency to maintain a state of equilibrium in the body is called homeostasis. • It works like a thermostat, a cold room will heat up until it is comfortable. • People will eat until they are no longer hungry, etc.

12. Humanistic Approach • Instinct Theory & Drive Reduction are simply mechanical- directed toward surviving. • Humanists- people are motivated by the conscious desire for personal growth and artistic fulfillment.

13. Humanism (Cont’d) • Some artists – may seek artistic goals even when they are unable to afford food or may have to give up comfort & security. • Socrates – famous Greek philosopher, was always reminded by his students that he had to eat, take care of himself, etc.

14. Sociocultural Theory • Cultural experiences and factors influence the behavior that people use to satisfy those drives. • Curry • Haggis • Kelp • Tacos • Scones Pineapple - match these with their culture!

15. Hunger Drive- Role of the Mouth • It takes time for the body to digest food & for the nutrients in the food to enter the bloodstream. • Chewing & Swallowing – lets the body know that its hunger drive is being satisfied. • Why does gum chewing often cause stomach aches? What is the medical name for chewing?

16. Role of the Stomach • When a person is hungry- his/her stomach will contract. (hunger pangs) • However the stomach will contract at other times as well. • Hunger pangs – play a role in hunger, but are not the main factor in signaling hunger.

17. Hypothalamus • Level of sugar in the blood and the hypothalamus are key influences on feelings of hunger. • When one hasn’t eaten for a while, the blood sugar drops- this is then communicated to the hypothalamus. • Don’t skip breakfast – causes low blood sugar!!

18. Lateral Hypothalamus • Start eating center • If activated, a subject will begin to eat, even if it just finished a meal. • If deactivated, a subject could eventually die of starvation.

19. VMH- Ventromedial Hypothalamus • Underside of the Lateral Hypothalamus • “Stop Eating” Center • Electrically stimulated- one will stop eating • When destroyed- one will eat several times their weight. ( picture on 304)

20. Psychological Influences of Hunger • Learning that certain amounts of food will bring well being & relaxation can cause people to eat when they are upset. • Eating sweets or drinking alcohol can be a defense mechanism against stress at times. ( be careful of these influences) • Also sheer boredom can lead one to eat when they are not hungry. ( midnight snacking!!!)

21. Obesity • More than 50% off people in the US are officially overweight. • 18% of Americans are known as obese- they weigh more than 30% of their recommended weight. • Obese people suffer from: heart disease, stroke, gall bladder disease, gout, respiratory problems, even cancer!

22. Losing Weight= Sound Diet • Sound diet is sensible, realistic + well planned. • Fad diets are not smart – eliminating carbs, fasting, drinking water or eating just 1 food. • Improve nutritional knowledge, exercise and substitute healthy foods for unhealthy foods.

23. Causes of Obesity • Does run in families- though not necessarily inherited. • Obese parents – set a poor example & have fattening food in the house at all times. • Heredity can play a part- genes determine the number of fat cells that a person has.

24. Metabolism • People burn calories at different rates + in accordance with the muscle tissue + fat in their bodies. • People w/ more body fat metabolize food more slowly than people who have a low % of body fat.

25. Stimulus Motives • Include: • Sensory stimulation ( TV & movies) • Activity (sports) • Exploration • Manipulation of the environment

26. Sensory Deprivation • Students – blindfolded & arms were bandaged so they could not touch, could only hear a dull hum of air conditioner. • ( absence of stimulation) • As hours pass- students became more + more uncomfortable. ( some reported hallucinations) • Most recall this as an extremely terrible experiment filled with boredom and disorientation. What does this teach us?

27. Sensation Seekers • Many people seek very active lifestyles, they are more happy when mountain biking, throwing a ball around, hiking or kayaking? • Others are more happy sitting & relaxing in front of a television. • Why do people seek sensations on things like roller coasters, bungee jumping, skydiving?

28. Exploration & Manipulation • New surroundings can be frightening, eventually we will explore this new territory to learn more about it. (like a cat) • Novel Stimulation- animals such as laboratory rats or chimpanzees look for new experiences and unfamiliar parts of mazes rather than the familiar to obtain goals. (Busy Boxes- infants)

29. Achievement Motivation • People who are driven to get ahead, tackle challenging situations, & meet high personal standards of success. • Will spend extra time on difficult test items until they find an answer or run out of time. (Ft. Sumter project) • May strive to move ahead in their careers & set challenging goals for themselves.

30. Performance Goals • Specific Goals such as gaining admission to college, earning approval of parents/teachers. • For some performance goals may be the reason for their achievement motivation.

31. Learning Goals • Learning for learning’s sake is the most important motivator. • Learning goals are usually satisfied by intrinsic rewards such as self-satisfaction. • Performance goals are more driven by extrinsic rewards like good grades, high salary, etc.

32. Development of Achievement Motivation • Parents encourage: • Persistence • Enjoy schoolwork • Find own ways to solve problems • Opportunities to new & stimulating experiences

33. Cognitive Consistency • People seek to behave & think in ways that fit how they believe & how others expect them to behave & think. • Liberal person would not support a conservative candidate. • They prefer that the pieces of their lives fit together. Seek out friends with similar values.

34. Balance Theory • People need to organize their perceptions, opinions, and beliefs in a harmonious manner. • Balance- by holding consistent views and by being w/ people who share their beliefs and values. (sense of all is well)

35. Imbalance • When someone we care about disagrees with us. (an uncomfortable state of imbalance arises) • We may try to persuade the person to change his/her attitude or we may change our feelings about that person.

36. Nonbalance • This occurs when we dislike someone or feel neither way about them. • Their attitudes are not of much interest to us. • We are not greatly affected by the disharmony between us. ( indifference)

37. Cognitive Dissonance • This occurs when our thoughts are inconsistent with our behavior. • Cognition = thought • Dissonance = inconsistent • This causes an inner tension that can be uncomfortable.

38. Affiliation • Humans are social beings- have a need to be with other people • The desire to join w/others and be part of something larger than oneself is called affiliation. • During adolescence= motive for affiliation is very strong. • Affiliation Motivation – Helps keep families, groups, countries together.

39. Schacter Experiment -1959 • Similar to Milgram – Electric shocks • 2 groups- 1 given heavy shock, 1 given light shock • Heavy shock group- waits together w/ each other – 63% • Light shock- only 33% waited w/other participants.