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Study of Biology

Biology is the fascinating study of all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to animals. These organisms share common characteristics such as cellular structure, reproduction, genetic code, growth and development, energy utilization, response to the environment, and evolutionary adaptation. Cells, the basic unit of life, vary between prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria) lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotes (e.g., plants, animals) possessing these structures. Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular and reproduce sexually or asexually to pass on genetic traits. Metabolism, the sum of chemical reactions, and homeostasis, maintaining internal balance, are vital for survival and reproduction. The study of biology reveals the interconnected levels of organization in life, from atoms to organisms and ecosystems.

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Study of Biology

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  1. Study of Biology

  2. What is Biology? • Biologyis the study of all living things • Living things are called organisms • Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals

  3. All Living Things Share Common Characteristics • Basic Unit is the Cell • They Reproduce • All Based On Universal Genetic Code (DNA) • Grow & Develop

  4. Common Characteristics • Obtain & Use Materials & Energy • Respond To Their Environment • Maintain A Stable Internal Environment • AS A GROUP, Living Things Evolve, That Is They Change Over Time

  5. Characteristics of Organisms

  6. All Organisms are made of Cells

  7. Facts About Cells • Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism • All cells contain living material called cytoplasm • All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell

  8. More Cell Facts • Cells are complex & highly organized • Cells have parts called organelles that do different jobs e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars

  9. More Cell Facts • The simplest cells are called Prokaryotes • These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Bacteria are examples

  10. More Cell Facts • More complex cells are called Eukaryotes • These cells DO have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles • Plants, animals, protists, & fungi are examples

  11. Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells • Unicellular Organisms • Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell • Multicellular Organisms • Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized Cells

  12. Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their Genetic Traits

  13. Sexual Reproduction Involves 2 parents Egg fertilized by sperm to make a ZYGOTE Offspring DIFFERENT from parents Two Types of Reproduction

  14. Asexual Reproduction Involves a single organism or cell Cell divides Offspring IDENTICAL to parent Two Types of Reproduction

  15. Cells Have a Genetic Code

  16. Genetic Code • DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms • All organisms contain DNA • DNA codes for the proteins that make up cells & do all the work

  17. Organisms Grow & Develop

  18. Growth & Development • Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT • Organisms develop as they mature into an adult organism

  19. Cells Require Food & Energy

  20. Autotrophs can make their own food Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis) Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy Food Requirements

  21. Food Requirements • Heterotrophs can NOT make their own food • They must consume other organisms • Herbivores eat plants • Carnivores eat meat • Omnivores eat plants & animals

  22. Metabolism • Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism • All require energy • Sunlight is the ultimate energy for life on Earth

  23. Metabolism • Cellular Respiration • Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O

  24. Organisms Respond to Stimuli • Organisms Respond to stimuli (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) In Order To Survive & Reproduce

  25. Homeostasis • Keeping The Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life • Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.

  26. Living Things Evolve • Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments. • Fossil records show changes in groups of organisms

  27. Life is Organized on Several Levels

  28. Levels • Atoms • Molecules • Organelles • Cells – life starts here • Tissues • Organs • System • Organism

  29. Levels • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere

  30. The End!!! • Thank you for your attention. • Write a 2-paragraph (10 sentences) summary of your understanding of the topic.

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