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Study of Biology. What is Biology?. Biology is the study of all living things Living things are called organisms Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals. All Living Things Share Common Characteristics. Basic Unit is the Cell They Reproduce
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What is Biology? • Biologyis the study of all living things • Living things are called organisms • Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals
All Living Things Share Common Characteristics • Basic Unit is the Cell • They Reproduce • All Based On Universal Genetic Code (DNA) • Grow & Develop
Common Characteristics • Obtain & Use Materials & Energy • Respond To Their Environment • Maintain A Stable Internal Environment • AS A GROUP, Living Things Evolve, That Is They Change Over Time
Facts About Cells • Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism • All cells contain living material called cytoplasm • All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell
More Cell Facts • Cells are complex & highly organized • Cells have parts called organelles that do different jobs e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars
More Cell Facts • The simplest cells are called Prokaryotes • These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Bacteria are examples
More Cell Facts • More complex cells are called Eukaryotes • These cells DO have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles • Plants, animals, protists, & fungi are examples
Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells • Unicellular Organisms • Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell • Multicellular Organisms • Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized Cells
Sexual Reproduction Involves 2 parents Egg fertilized by sperm to make a ZYGOTE Offspring DIFFERENT from parents Two Types of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction Involves a single organism or cell Cell divides Offspring IDENTICAL to parent Two Types of Reproduction
Genetic Code • DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms • All organisms contain DNA • DNA codes for the proteins that make up cells & do all the work
Growth & Development • Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT • Organisms develop as they mature into an adult organism
Autotrophs can make their own food Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis) Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy Food Requirements
Food Requirements • Heterotrophs can NOT make their own food • They must consume other organisms • Herbivores eat plants • Carnivores eat meat • Omnivores eat plants & animals
Metabolism • Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism • All require energy • Sunlight is the ultimate energy for life on Earth
Metabolism • Cellular Respiration • Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O
Organisms Respond to Stimuli • Organisms Respond to stimuli (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) In Order To Survive & Reproduce
Homeostasis • Keeping The Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life • Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.
Living Things Evolve • Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments. • Fossil records show changes in groups of organisms
Levels • Atoms • Molecules • Organelles • Cells – life starts here • Tissues • Organs • System • Organism
Levels • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere
The End!!! • Thank you for your attention. • Write a 2-paragraph (10 sentences) summary of your understanding of the topic.