WHI SOL Review

1. WHI SOL Review

2. How did physical geography impact the lives of early humans? Living near water was important because it helped in nourishment, hygiene, trade, travel, agriculture, and provided jobs. Climate determined what conditions the early people faced. It also determined where they could live and on what routes they could travel.

3. HomoSapiens Also called cro-magnons, they were similar to us, but had distinct physical differences. Such as, they had a much bigger skull and used the hair on their bodies to keep them warm.

4. How long ago were the first humans on earth? The first humans in east-central Africa were here 100,000 to 400,000 years ago.

5. How did early humans survive? They were nomads. They traveled from place to place to follow the animals and find ripening fruit. They would use stone, bone, and wood to make their tools out of. The nomads adapted to the weather. They would make jackets from the animal skins and get under cliffs and in caves during the long winters. By: Ross Franklin

6. Where did the first humans originate and where did they spread to? The first humans lived in East Africa. They then migrated north and east in to Europe and Asia. They lived in small hunting and food gathering bands numbering about 20-30 people. The men hunted and fished and the women picked fruits and berries. They all contributed to each other. By: Ross Franklin

7. Paleolithic Age • Old Stone Age • They were Nomads ( People who follow their food ) • Used stone, wood, and bones for tools • For clothes they wrapped in animal skins • They took refuge in caves or under rocky overhangs during the long winter • Learned how to build fires for warmth and to cook By: Ross Franklin

8. Mesolithic Age • Middle Stone Age • First wooden boat By: Ross Franklin

9. Neolithic Age • They learned to farm and by producing their own food, they could remain in one place. • Farmers settled into permanent villages and developed a new range of skills and tools. • People learned to domesticate animals. • They herded the animals to good grasslands or penned them in rough enclosures. • Animals provided people with a source of protein. • They created the first calendars. • They learned to weave cloth from animal hair or vegetable fibers.

10. Nomads • Paleolithic people– they traveled from place to place. • People depended wholly on their environment for survival. • They found ways to adapt there surroundings. • They made simple tools and weapons out of the materials at hand-stone, bone, or wood. • To endure the cold, they invented clothing. • They took refuge in caves or under rocky overhangs during the long winters. • They also learned to build fires for warmth and cooking.

11. Clans • Shang kings were likely the heads of important clans. • Group of families who claimed a common ancestor. • Clans controlled most of land.

12. Cave art • Portray animals such as deer, horses, and buffaloes. • Some cave paintings show stick-figure people. • Paintings often lie deep in the caves, far from a band’s living quarters. • A early religious beliefs. • Hundred of painted animals that appeared to prance over the calcite-covered walls and ceilings. • Cave paintings have been part of animist religious rituals.

13. How and when did agriculture develop? • Agriculture developed as a way to have food in the winter months when animals hibernated and were scarce. • The first crops grown were most likely grains and seeds found from different plants and trees. • First traces of agriculture show up as early as the middle stone age • Agriculture spread through diffusion rather than invention, as neighboring bands would cage or steal seeds and plants to try and start farming that appeared easier than hunting and moving around a lot.

14. How did agriculture and the domestication of animals affect humans? • Nomads no longer had to move around to get food • Once agriculture was developed the domesticated animals helped to pull plows and wagons to trade with neighboring tribes • Development of civilizations and cities • Religious ceremonies (more intense), temples, and shrines. • Development of laws and government over time.

15. Advantages of New Stone Age • New civilizations • Iron and bronze weapons • Advances in Agriculture (plows, domestications of animals.) • Government development over time (laws, leaders) • Temples and advanced religious ceremonies.

16. Archeology the study of past cultural behavior, from the beginnings of the human species to events that happened yesterday, through the material remains, or artifacts, that people leave behind

17. What is history? • History is the knowledge of the past gained through the study of written records.

18. What is anthropology? • Anthropology is the study of the origins and • development of people and their societies

19. Stonehenge • A group of standing stones on Salisbury Plain in southern England. Dating to c. 2000-1800 B.C., the megaliths are enclosed by a circular ditch and embankment that may date to c. 2800. The arrangement of the stones suggests that Stonehenge was used as a religious center and as an astronomical observatory.

20. 19.What were the first four major river valley civilizations? • Indus River- Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa • Huang He and Yangzi- China • Tigris and Euphrates- Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent • Nile- Egypt

21. 20.Why did the first permanent civilizations develop around major rivers? • Good irrigation systems, easier trade, water on demand, farming, and stable food source.

22. 21.When did these early civilizations exist? • 3200 B.C.- 256 B.C.

23. The Hebrews, The Phoenicians, The Kush • The Hebrews settled in Israel • The Phoenicians occupied the string of cities along the Eastern Mediterranean coast, in the area which today is Lebanon and Syria • The Kush settled on the south of Africa

24. What was their government like? • They had very strict law and rules • Trade was a very resourceful, they relied on it a lot • They were all near water resources

25. Code of Hammurabi • This, the earliest known written legal code, was composed about 1780 B.C. by Hammurabi, the ruler of Babylon. This text was excavated in 1901; it was carved on an eight foot high stone monolith. The harsh system of punishment expressed in this text prefigures the concept of 'an eye for an eye'. The Code lays out the basis of both criminal and civil law, and defines procedures for commerce and trade. This text was redacted for 1,500 years, and is considered the predecessor of Jewish and Islamic legal systems alike

26. The 10 Commandments The Ten Commandments were given to Moses, the great leader of the Hebrews, over 3,000 years ago after the Hebrews were delivered from slavery in Egypt. While the Law of Moses is made up of over 600 rules, the Ten Commandments were a brief list of rules from which the others were developed.

28. 26.) What are the eight features of these early civilizations? 1.) Cities 2.) Organized Central Governments 3.) Complex religions 4.) Job Specialization 5.) Social Classes 6.) Arts/ Architecture 7.) Public Works 8.) Writing

29. 27.) What early religious traditions developed in ancient civilizations? They started out being polytheistic and later on they became monotheistic. They had a God for everything. Later some societies religions evolved into having just one God.

30. 28.) What is monotheism? Monotheism is the belief of one God.

31. Polytheism • The belief in multiple gods is probably the result of an earlier belief in vaguely defined spirits, demons and other supernatural forces. These belief systems are similar to animism, ancestor worship and totemism. However, in polytheism, these supernatural forces are personified and organized into a cosmic family. This "family" becomes the nucleus of a particular culture's belief system. The family of gods was used to explain natural phenomena and to establish a culture's role in the universe. Typically, the number of gods would expand as the culture's belief system developed, eventually resulting in a hierarchical system of deities. Over time, the lesser gods would diminish in stature or vanish altogether.

32. What are the beliefs of Judaism? • Judaism is a monotheistic religion. The Jewish People believe there is one God who created and rules the world. This God is omnipotent (all powerful), omniscient (all knowing) and omnipresent (in all places at all times). God is also just and merciful. Judaism believes the Land of Israel was part of the covenant made between God and the Jewish People at Mount Sinai. Since the time of Abraham, there has been a continual Jewish presence in the Land of Israel.

33. Abraham • Abraham was the first of the Hebrew patriarchs of the Old Testament. To test Abraham's faith, God commanded him to make a burnt offering of his son, Isaac. Torn between great love for his son and his desire to obey God's command, Abraham decided that his duty to God ultimately took precedence. He bound Isaac, laid him on the altar and drew his knife. At that moment an angel appeared and grasped Abraham's hand saying, "Now I know that you are a god-fearing man. You have not withheld from me your son." Greatly relieved, Abraham saw a ram caught in a thicket which he sacrificed instead.

34. Moses • Hebrew prophet • Founder of Israel • Moses killed an Egyptian who murdered a Hebrew • Moses renewed the covenant; binding agreement • Moses led the Israelites in their escape from Egypt

35. Jerusalem • Arabic capital & largest city of Israel • A holy city for three of the world’s major religions: Judaism, Christianity, & Islam

36. Exile/ Diaspora • The scattering of people • Jewish communities outside Israel • Jews outside Israel considered themselves in exile.

37. Torah Jewish holy book. Similar to Christian Bible.

38. How did Judaism influence Western civilization? • It influenced Christianity and Islam, two other major world religions • Jews spread across the world and taught their faith • Similarities between Christianity and Judaism • Monotheistic-belief in one God • Belief in the SAME God • Same history/same prophets/Ten Commandments

39. Pictograms Drawings used to represent a word. The earliest writings were made of these.

40. Hieroglyphics Egyptian form of picture writing. Used to keep important records in ancient Egypt.

41. Cuneiform Cuneiform comes form Latin words Cuneus which means “wedge” and Forma which means “shape.” Pictograms, or drawings representing actual things, were the basis for cuneiform writing. Cuneiform was written on clay tablets, and then baked hard in a kiln. Cuneiform was adapted by the Akkadians, Babylonians, Sumerians and Assyrians to write their own languages and was used in Mesopotamia for about 3000 years . Cuneiform was created by the Sumerians.

42. Who created the first alphabet? The Phoenicians created the first alphabet.

43. What is the importance of the Nile River? Its yearly flooding provided the region with silt, or rich soil, from which it could grow crops. It also provided the Egyptians with a way to trade and travel. The Nile was also a key part of Egyptians religion. It was seen to give and take away life with its great floods.

44. What cultural contributions did the Egyptians make? • The Egyptians were polytheistic, They believed in an after life so they would mummify the dead and buried their dead with things they would need in the after life. They built pyramids for the pharaohs, so they would have everything they needed in the afterlife. The Egyptians had a system of writing called hieroglyphics. They made a form of paper called papyrus. They used medicine that we still use to day, they made a calendar. They also had statues, paintings, poems.

45. How did Persia govern its empire? • They had a ruler who would make laws collect taxes. They split their empire into several different regions, each of which had its own governor.

46. Cyrus the Great • Conquered the largest empire, Persia was stretched from Asia minor to India, Turkey Iran, Egypt, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

47. Zoroastrianism • A new religion that said there is one wise god named ahora Mazda he ruled the world. He was at constant battle with Ahriman the prince of lies and evil. Zoroaster taught that all individuals would be judged for their actions. Those who done good would enter paradise those who done bad would be condemned to eternal suffering.

48. What was the most important contribution of the Babylonians? • The Hanging Gardens which is known as one of the wonders of the ancient world. The gardens were probably made by planting trees and flowering plants on the steps of a huge ziggurat. According to legend, Nebuchadnezzar had the gardens built to please his wife, who was homesick for the hills where she had grown up.

49. What physical geographic factors influenced the development of Indian civilization? • First of all, the Indian subcontinent is divided into three major zones: the well-watered northern plain, the dry triangular Deccan, and the coastal plains on either side of the Deccan. Plus, this fertile region is watered by mighty rivers like the Indus, which gives India’s its name, the Ganges, and the Brahmaputra. These rivers and their tributaries carry melting snow from the mountains to the plains, making agriculture possible.

50. What impact did the Aryans have on India? • Due to the acculturation, the people shared a common culture rooted in both Aryan and Dravidian traditions. By this time, the Indian people had developed a written language called Sanskrit. Priests now began writing down the sacred texts. The Aryans, despite the new written language, they preserved a strong oral traditions. They continued to memorize and recite ancient hymns, as well as long epic poems.