The Rise of Monarchs

1. The Rise of Monarchs • How did England develop a strong monarchy? • What is the Magna Carta and why was it important? • Describe how kings increased their power in France?

2. Creation of Monarchs • 5 Minutes - Feudalism started to diminish with the rise of strong monarchs in England and France. • List 150 characteristics that you feel all monarchs should possess. • i.e. Legislative, Executive, Judicial? People Person? Flexible? General? Blood line?

3. What makes a powerful King? • Absolute vs. Limited? • Loyalty to 1 instead of many? • Military Force? • Diplomat?

4. England vs. France • England never fully adopted feudalism. • Anglo Saxons loyalty was with the King. • France adopted the idea of feudalism. • Normans loyalty was with individual lords.

5. Monarchs in England and France • In late middle ages monarchs began to limit the power of feudal lords. • This wasn’t easy – Crusades helped. How? Take 3 minutes with a partner and discuss how the Crusades helped Monarchs. • People wanted stability and peace and not constant battles between lords. • All quarrels disrupted trade.

6. Effects of Crusades • Money was lent for interest. • Interest based on risk. • Bills of Exchange • Common Currency. • Increased Trade

7. Monarchs • Monarchs helped trade by issuing money and reducing the # of tolls and taxes along trade routes. • Used these taxes to build professional paid armies. • Large towns helped foot the bill.

8. Kings and Court • Set up uniform courts that administered uniform laws for all people. • Why was this important? • Take 2 minutes with another partner and discuss why uniform laws were important.

9. WILLIAM THE CONQUERER • King of the Normans • Worked a deal with his cousin, King Edward of England, to succeed him on the throne of England but the people chose Harold of Essex so William went to war with Harold.

11. William the Conqueror Normans considered best horsemen 12 K Calvary 20 K infantry Harold of Essex Had a foothold and fortification 25 K infantry BATTLE OF HASTINGS 1066

12. The Battle of Hastings, 1066

13. 1. Housecarls These were full time professional soldiers who were well trained & paid. The Saxon Army Harold had two types of soldiers in his army:

14. 2. Fyrd These were part time, unpaid soldiers who were called up when the country was in danger. The Saxon Army Harold had two types of soldiers in his army:

15. Spearmen Horsemen / Calvary Archers The Norman Army

16. Harold Army forms a shield Wall William’s Archers Fyrd: Part Time Soldiers William’s Spearmen & Foot soldiers William’s Horsemen The Battlefield Harold’s Housecarls Unsuitable for horsemen

17. Bayeux Tapestry, The Normans attack the Saxon Shield Wall The Start of the Battle

18. The Normans start running away William of Normandy

19. They then turn around and splatter the Saxons who are chasing after them! Normans pretend to run away Second Stage: Cunning Plan!

20. Third Stage: The Archers The Shield Wall was weakened but still strong, so William orders his Archers to aim high to distract the Saxons while he led another charge.

21. Fourth Stage:The Shield Wall Collapses Harold’s brothers are killed.

22. Final Stage: Death of Harold William sends in a hit squad of Normans to kill King Harold

23. Once King Harold and his brothers are dead the rest of the Saxon army ran away. Aftermath

24. The Battlefield Today King Harold was killed here

25. William, Duke of Normandy • Lords swore allegiance to William and not other lords. • Loyalty first to King, not Lord. • Sent out tax assessors for land. • Compiled the Domesday Book.

26. Extending Royal Power • Henry I – Increased Royal Power • Replaced hereditary officials with pd. officials • Loyalty instead of Hereditary. • Allowed vassals to pay him instead of provide military service to him.

27. Henry II • Sent circuit judges to countryside. • Established jury system • Grand Jury – which cases brought to trial. • Trial Jury – verdicts on cases. • Became the basis for common law. • Any accepted legal principle • Helped treasury of the king.

28. Lackland John • Henry II of England faced challenges. • Thomas Becket – AB of Canterbury • Opposed Royal Courts that had been created. • Becket was murdered and Henry II was blamed. • John, Henry II son battles the Church. • 1209 – Pope Innocent excommunicated John • To appease the pope, John agreed to pay an annual fee to Rome. • Money came from heavy taxes on lords.

29. Magna Carta • John lost lands in Northern France. • Barons became angry at taxes and forced John to sign a charter that spelled out their rights. • What is a charter? • Spelled out the lords rights. • Rights to all classes, limited power of the monarch, the king had to respect the law. • The Church could choose their own bishops and priests.

30. Magna Charta – protected the people from absolute power of the King. – King John • Trial by Jury, • Due process, • Rights of life, liberty and property.

31. Magna Carta • The Magna Carta limited the rights of the King and gave more rights to people. • Explain all of the rights that are found BOTH in the Magna Carta and the U.S. Constitution. How are they similar? How are they different? • 1 Page – 12 Point Times New Roman

32. English Parliament • Power struggles continued b/w King and Nobles. • Both started to recognize importance of towns. • Great Council – included lesser knights and representatives. • Meetings became known as Parliament – meaning “to talk”

33. English Parliament • 1295, 1st Parliament • Met for the demands of money from King Edward I. • Nobles, Bishops, Knights (2), Citizens (2) • Became the model for future parliaments of England. • Knights and Commoners were only allowed to talk when they were called on. • Eventually created two houses. • Lords and Commons. – Limited Monarchy

34. The Petition of Right (1628) • - Passed by Parliament • Limited the King’s power by limiting the King’s ability to: • Imprison political critics, • Rule by military during peacetime, • Require the people to shelter soldiers in peacetime. • *Couldn’t be taxed w/o consent of parliament.

35. Petition • Eventually all people were able to petition the King for grievances. • If you could petition the president of the U.S. today, what would you petition, and why?

36. French Monarchy • Why France? • Treaty of Verdun (Divided Charlemagne’s Empire) • Vikings invaded Western France • Powerful lords set up their own Independent Feudal States • Hugh Capet, Count of Paris - King • Made the crown hereditary. • Diplomacy, Marriage, War – Added Lands.

37. French Monarchy • In 1215, Philip II defeated King John of England and added land to France. • By 1328 the French king ruled most of central and southern France. • Set up bureaucracy to govern the territory under the guidance of the KOF.

38. The President’s Cabinet

39. Cabinets in the U.S. • Agriculture, Commerce, • Defense, Education, • Energy, HHS, • Homeland Security, HUD • Interior, Labor, • State, Transportation, • Treasury, Veterans Affairs, • Attorney General

40. Assignment • You will need to create a handout with the following information. • When was the cabinet created (under what President?) • Who the Secretary is (Picture and Bio). • How many people work for this cabinet. • What are the cabinet’s duties and responsibilities? • What is the budget? • What events are they known for in history? • What are some of the agencies or offices that fall under this cabinet? • If you could work under this cabinet, which job would you like? Why?

41. French Bureaucracy • Government through departments. • Educated Clergy  Knights  Townspeople • Paid a salary. • Supported Policies of King • Didn’t want to interfere with customs and traditions. – What happened if Royal Law interfered with customs and traditions?

42. Estates General • Philip IV clashed with Pope Boniface VIII • Philip wanted to tax clergy and appt. bishops • Philip summoned the Estates General • Clergy • Nobility • Bourgeoisie (townspeople) • Supported the King against the Pope. • Did not have power over taxation like parliament in England

43. Clashes – Pope v. Emperor • As French Kings were increasing their power, Germany fell into turmoil. • King wanted to appoint Bishops…? • When the last Carolingian king died, lords or Dukes, competed for power.

44. Duke of Saxony • A.K.A. – Otto I King of Germany • Tried to extend power into central Europe and Northern France. • Close with the Roman Catholic Church. • Clergy as advisors, supported mission work. • Allowed to appt. Bishops and Archbishops • Invaded Italy to help protect Pope. • 962, crowned “Emperor of the Romans” • Claimed to be successor of Charlemagne.

45. Conflict • Emperor and Church • Emperors were from Germany. • Lay Investiture – not a member of the clergy appt. bishops. • Pope Gregory VII • No sale of Church offices. • No Lay Investiture. • Henry IV refused to obey the Pope. • Needed support of the Church against German Dukes

46. Conflict • Gregory VII Excommunicated Henry IV • Henry tried to save his throne by going to Italy. • Henry was readmitted to the Church. • Excomm. Again and then took Rome. • Concordat of Worms • Battle over Lay Investiture. • Gave Church power to appoint. • Emperors still had power of granting church land.

47. Struggle for Italy • 1152, Frederick I “Red Beard” became HRE • Wanted control of Italy as well as Germany. • Fought for control of Northern Italy • Son married King of Sicily’s daughter. • This created a series of long struggles b/w the emperor and pope.

48. Struggle for Italy • As France and England unified, the HRE failed. • Many towns were divided b/w Germany and Italy. • Germany and Italy would not unify their lands until the 1800s.

49. Church Power at its Height • 1198-1216, Pope Innocent III • Helped church become supreme in Spiritual and Political Affairs. • Exerted rule over secular rulers. – King John Controlled the Bishops and Clergy. • Eventually, the church garnered to much political clout and the people started to limit the scope of Church power.

50. Monarchies of Spain • 700s Spain was conquered by Muslims • Spain prospered under the Muslims and cities flourished. • Reconquista or conquest of Spain 1100 • Spanish knights force the Muslims out. • 1250, Portugal became independent and Muslims only controlled Granada